Anne Karen Jenum

• Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Jenum, Anne Karen; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Berg, Tore Julsrud & Røssberg, Jan Ivar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). How valid is a prescription-based multimorbidity index (Rx-risk) in predicting mortality in the Outcomes and Multimorbidity In Type 2 diabetes (OMIT) study? A nation-wide registry-based cohort study from Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 14(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077027. Full text in Research Archive
• Graue, Marit; Igland, Jannicke; Oftedal, Bjørg Synnøve Frøysland; Haugstvedt, Anne; Riise, Hilde Kristin Refvik & Zoffmann, Vibeke [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2024). Interprofessional follow-up for people at risk of type 2 diabetes in primary healthcare–a randomized controlled trial with embedded qualitative interviews. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2024.2337071.
• Sletner, Line; Yajnik, Chittaranjan S.; Turowski, Gitta Erika; Michelsen, Trond Melbye; Sommer, Christine & Birkeland, Kåre Inge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Placental weight, surface area, shape and thickness - Relations with maternal ethnicity and cardio-metabolic factors during pregnancy. Placenta. ISSN 0143-4004. 148, p. 69–76. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2024.02.002.
• Linares-Pineda, Teresa M.; Fragoso Bargas, Nicolas; Picón, María José; Molina-Vega, Maria; Jenum, Anne Karen & Sletner, Line [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2024). DNA methylation risk score for type 2 diabetes is associated with gestational diabetes. Cardiovascular Diabetology. ISSN 1475-2840. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12933-024-02151-z.
• Tibelles, Hatuia Bø; Jenum, Anne Karen; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Claudi, Tor & Cooper, John [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2024). High prevalence of retinopathy in young-onset type 2 diabetes and possible sex differences: insights from Norwegian general practice. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. ISSN 2052-4897. 12(1). doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003624.
• Opsahl, J. O.; Fragoso-Bargas, N.; Lee, Y.; Carlsen, E. Ø.; Lekanova, N. & Qvigstad, E. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2024). Epigenome-wide association study of DNA methylation in maternal blood leukocytes with BMI in pregnancy and gestational weight gain. International Journal of Obesity. ISSN 0307-0565. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41366-024-01458-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Robinson, Hilde Stendal; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke; Bennetter, Karin Elisabeth; Waage, Christin Wiegels; Jenum, Anne Karen & Richardsen, Kåre Rønn (2024). Pelvic girdle pain in pregnancy and early postpartum – prevalence and risk factors in a multi-ethnic cohort. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. ISSN 1471-2474. 25(1). doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-07135-w.
• Mdala, Ibrahimu; Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Cooper, John; Sandberg, Sverre & Løvaas, Karianne Fjeld [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes is often delayed, but access to a diabetes nurse may help—insights from Norwegian general practice. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 42(1). doi: 10.1080/02813432.2023.2296118. Full text in Research Archive
• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Employing fasting plasma glucose to safely limit the use of oral glucose tolerance tests in pregnancy: a pooled analysis of four Norwegian studies. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 14. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1278523. Full text in Research Archive
• Krasuska, Marta; Davidson, Emma M.; Beune, Erik; Jenum, Anne Karen; Gill, Jason M.R. & Stronks, Karien [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). A Culturally Adapted Diet and Physical Activity Text Message Intervention to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for Women of Pakistani Origin Living in Scotland: Formative Study. JMIR Formative Research. ISSN 2561-326X. 7(1). doi: 10.2196/33810. Full text in Research Archive
• Bennetter, Karin Elisabeth; Waage, Christin; Jenum, Anne Karen; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke; Robinson, Hilde Stendal & Richardsen, Kåre Rønn (2023). Cross-Cultural Contact and Norwegian Language Skills Among Ethnic Minority Women in Norway, and Relationship with Physical Activity in Pregnancy and Postpartum: The STORK-Groruddalen Cohort Study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health. ISSN 1557-1912. 26, p. 63–71. doi: 10.1007/s10903-023-01535-9.
• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in Norway with gestational diabetes using three diagnostic criteria. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 18(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280750. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction The aim of this study was to examine the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in women diagnosed with GDM by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1999 criteria, and in those retrospectively identified by the Norwegian-2017 and WHO-2013 criteria but not by WHO-1999 criteria. We also examine the effect of maternal overweight/obesity and ethnicity. Material and methods We used pooled data from four Norwegian cohorts (2002–2013), encompassing 2970 mother-child pairs. Results from universally offered 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests measuring fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour glucose (2HG) were used to assign women into three diagnostic groups: Diagnosed and treated by WHO-1999 (FPG≥7.0 or (2HG ≥7.8 mmol/L), identified by WHO-2013 (FPG ≥5.1 or 2HG ≥8.5 mmol/L), and identified by Norwegian-2017 criteria (FPG ≥5.3 or 2HG ≥9.0 mmol/L). Perinatal outcomes included large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants, cesarean section, operative vaginal delivery, preterm birth and preeclampsia. Results Compared to the non-GDM group, women diagnosed with GDM by either of the three criteria had an increased risk of large-for-gestational-age infants (adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.7–2.2). Those identified by the WHO-2013 and Norwegian-2017 criteria but not diagnosed and treated by WHO-1999 criteria had an additional increased risk of cesarean section (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02,1.83 and 1.44, 95% CI 1.03,2.02, respectively) and operative vaginal delivery (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.1,1.7 and 1.5, 95% CI 1.1,2.0, respectively). The proportions of LGA neonates and cesarean section were higher for women with GDM in both normal-weight and overweight/obese women. Asians had a lower risk of delivering large-for-gestational-age infants than Europeans applying national birthweight references, but maternal glucose values were similarly positively associated with birthweight in all ethnic groups. Conclusions Women who met the WHO-2013 and Norwegian-2017 criteria, but were not diagnosed by the WHO-1999 criteria and therefore not treated, had an increased risk of LGA, cesarean section and operative vaginal delivery compared to women without GDM.

• Næss-Andresen, Marthe-Lise; Jenum, Anne Karen; Berg, Jens Petter; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Sletner, Line (2023). The impact of recommending iron supplements to women with depleted iron stores in early pregnancy on use of supplements, and factors associated with changes in iron status from early pregnancy to postpartum in a multi-ethnic population-based cohort. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 23:350(1), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1186/s12884-023-05668-5.
• Bennetter, Karin Elisabeth; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke; Jenum, Anne Karen; Robinson, Hilde Stendal & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Associations between social support and physical activity in postpartum: a Norwegian multi-ethnic cohort study. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-15507-z.
• Fragoso-Bargas, Nicolas; Page, Christian Magnus; Joubert, Bonnie R.; London, Stephanie J.; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Opsahl, Julia Onsrud [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2023). Epigenome-wide association study of serum folate in maternal peripheral blood leukocytes. Epigenomics. ISSN 1750-1911. 15(1), p. 39–52. doi: 10.2217/epi-2022-0427. Full text in Research Archive
• Stalheim, Astrid Melteig; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Seasonal variation in gestational diabetes mellitus among women in Norway: a national population-based study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 13(3), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063725. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Previous research on seasonal variation in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has shown inconclusive results. Furthermore, little is known about whether a seasonal variation in GDM might be associated with the maternal country of birth. We examined whether there was seasonal variation in GDM incidence by the maternal country background. Design National population-based registry study. Setting and participants We used national population-based data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), n=1 443 857 (1990–2016) and data from four merged community-based studies (4GDM) with universal screening for GDM, n=2 978 (2002–2013). Outcome measures The association between season of pregnancy onset with incidence of GDM was examined separately in both datasets using logistic regression analyses, stratified by the mother’s country background using two broad geographical categories (MBRN: Norwegian and immigrant; 4GDM: European and African/Asian ethnicity). Winter season was used as reference category. Results The incidence of GDM in MBRN was highest when the pregnancy started during the winter (Norwegian-born: 1.21%; immigrants: 3.32%) and lowest when pregnancy started during the summer for both Norwegian and immigrant women (Norwegian-born: 1.03% (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98); immigrants: 2.99% (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.96)). The 4GDM data showed that women with European ancestry had the highest incidence of GDM when pregnancy started during autumn (10.7%, OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.46) and winter (10.6%), while ethnic African and Asian women had the highest incidence when pregnancy onset was during the summer (15.3%, OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.53). Conclusions Based on national population-based data, this study suggests that GDM incidence varies by season in both Norwegian-born and immigrant women. The 4GDM dataset did not show a clear seasonal variation in GDM incidence, possibly due to the relatively small sample. Causes for the seasonal variation in GDM should be explored further.

• Fragoso-Bargas, Nicolas; Elliott, Hannah R.; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Opsahl, Julia Onsrud; Sletner, Line & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Cross-Ancestry DNA Methylation Marks of Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy: An Integrative Epigenome-Wide Association Study. Diabetes. ISSN 0012-1797. 72(3), p. 415–426. doi: 10.2337/db22-0504.
• Sommer, Christine; Vangberg, Kjersti G; Moen, Gunn-Helen Øiseth; Evans, David M.; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Høgestøl, Ingvild Kristine [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Insulin and Body Mass Index Decrease Serum Soluble Leptin Receptor Levels in Humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 108(5), p. 1110–1119. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac699. Full text in Research Archive
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Nilsen, Roy Miodini; Pouwer, Frans; Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Lower education and immigrant background are associated with lower participation in a diabetes education program - Insights from adult patients in the Outcomes & Multi-morbidity In Type 2 diabetes cohort (OMIT). Patient Education and Counseling. ISSN 0738-3991. 107, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2022.107577. Full text in Research Archive
• Slåtsve, Kristina Barbara; Claudi, Tor; Lappegård, Knut Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Larsen, Marthe & Nøkleby, Kjersti [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Level of education is associated with coronary heart disease and chronic kidney disease in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. ISSN 2052-4897. 10(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002867. Full text in Research Archive
• Pervjakova, Natalia; Moen, Gunn-Helen Øiseth; Borges, Maria-Carolina; Ferreira, Teresa; Cook, James P. & Allard, Catherine [Show all 73 contributors for this article] (2022). Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus highlights genetic links with type 2 diabetes. Human Molecular Genetics. ISSN 0964-6906. 31(19), p. 3377–3391. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac050. Full text in Research Archive
• Næss-Andresen, Marthe-Lise; Jenum, Anne Karen; Berg, Jens Petter; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Sletner, Line (2022). Prevalence of postpartum anaemia and iron deficiency by serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor and total body iron, and associations with ethnicity and clinical factors: a Norwegian population-based cohort study. Journal of Nutritional Science (JNS). ISSN 2048-6790. 11. doi: 10.1017/jns.2022.45. Full text in Research Archive
• Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Tibballs, Katrina Louise Bø; Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud & Iversen, Tor [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Cohort profile: Outcomes & Multi-morbidity In Type 2 diabetes (OMIT) - a national registry-based observational cohort with focus on care and treatment of key high-risk groups in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 12(5). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054840. Full text in Research Archive
• Beune, Erik; Muilwijk, Mirthe; Jelsma, Judith G. M.; van Valkengoed, Irene; Teitsma-Jansen, Annemarie M. & Kumar, Bernadette N. [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2022). The acceptability and effect of a culturally-tailored dance intervention to promote physical activity in women of South Asian origin at risk of diabetes in the Netherlands—A mixed-methods feasibility study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 17(2). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264191. Full text in Research Archive
• Waage, Christin; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Stigum, Hein; Jenum, Anne Karen; Birkeland, Kåre Inge & Shakeel, Nilam [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Lipid and lipoprotein concentrations during pregnancy and associations with ethnicity. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-022-04524-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Lofterød, Trygve; Frydenberg, Hanne; Veierød, Marit Bragelien; Jenum, Anne Karen; Reitan, Jon Brinchmann & Wist, Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). The influence of metabolic factors and ethnicity on breast cancer risk, treatment and survival: The Oslo ethnic breast cancer study. Acta Oncologica. ISSN 0284-186X. 61(5), p. 649–657. doi: 10.1080/0284186X.2022.2053573. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Breast cancer risk remains higher in high-income compared with low-income countries. However, it is unclear to what degree metabolic factors influence breast cancer development in women 30 years after immigration from low- to a high-incidence country. Methods Using Cox regression models, we studied the association between pre-diagnostic metabolic factors and breast cancer development, and whether this association varied by ethnicity among 13,802 women participating in the population-based Oslo Ethnic Breast Cancer Study. Ethnic background was assessed and pre-diagnostic metabolic factors (body mass index, waist:hip ratio, serum lipids and blood pressure) were measured. A total of 557 women developed invasive breast cancer, and these women were followed for an additional 7.7 years. Results Among women with an unfavorable metabolic profile, women from south Asia, compared with western European women, had a 2.3 times higher breast cancer risk (HR 2.30, 95% CI 1.18–4.49). Compared with the western European women, the ethnic minority women were more likely to present with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (OR 2.11, 95% CI 0.97–4.61), and less likely to complete all courses of planned taxane treatment (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.82). Among TNBC women, above-median triglycerides:HDL-cholesterol (>0.73) levels, compared with below-median triglycerides:HDL-cholesterol (≤0.73) levels, was associated with 2.9 times higher overall mortality (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.02–8.11). Conclusions Our results support the importance of metabolic factors when balancing breast cancer prevention and disease management among all women, and in particular among non-western women migrating from a breast cancer low-incidence to a high-incidence country.

• Sletner, Line; Moen, Aina Elisabeth Fossum; Yajnik, Chittaranjan S; Kiryushchenko, Nadezhda; Sommer, Christine & Birkeland, Kåre Inge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Maternal Glucose and LDL-Cholesterol Levels Are Related to Placental Leptin Gene Methylation, and, Together With Nutritional Factors, Largely Explain a Higher Methylation Level Among Ethnic South Asians. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 12. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.809916. Full text in Research Archive
• Fragoso-Bargas, Nicolas; Opsahl, Julia Onsrud; Kiryushchenko, Nadezhda; Böttcher, Yvonne; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Cohort profile: Epigenetics in Pregnancy (EPIPREG) – Population-based sample of European and South Asian pregnant women with epigenome-wide DNA methylation (850k) in peripheral blood leukocytes. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 16(8), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256158. Full text in Research Archive
• Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Buhl, Esben Selmer; Claudi, Tor & Cooper, John [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). High adherence to recommended diabetes follow-up procedures by general practitioners is associated with lower estimated cardiovascular risk. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. 38(8), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/dme.14586. Full text in Research Archive
• Davidson, Emma M.; Krasuska, Marta; Jenum, Anne Karen; Gill, Jason; Beune, Erik & Stronks, Karien [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Developing a realist informed framework for cultural adaptation of lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in South Asian populations in Europe. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. 38:e145484(11), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1111/dme.14584. Full text in Research Archive
• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Lekva, Tove [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Identifying women with gestational diabetes based on maternal characteristics: an analysis of four Norwegian prospective studies. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04086-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Qvigstad, Elisabeth & Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2021). Thyroid Function during Pregnancy in A Multiethnic Population in Norway. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 5(7), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab078. Full text in Research Archive
• Slåtsve, Kristina Barbara; Claudi, Tor; Lappegård, Knut Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Larsen, Marthe & Nøkleby, Kjersti [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Factors associated with treatment in primary versus specialist care: A population-based study of people with type 2 and type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. 38(7). doi: 10.1111/dme.14580. Full text in Research Archive
• Martinez-Amezcua, Pablo; Haque, Waqas; Khera, Rohan; Kanaya, Alka M.; Sattar, Naveed & Lam, Carolyn S.P. [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). The upcoming epidemic of heart failure in South Asia. Circulation: Heart Failure. ISSN 1941-3289. 13:e007218(10), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.120.007218.
• Allotey, John; Snell, Kym I.E.; Smuk, Melanie; Hooper, Richard; Chan, Claire & Ahmed, Asif [Show all 62 contributors for this article] (2020). Validation and development of models using clinical, biochemical and ultrasound markers for predicting pre-eclampsia: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Health Technology Assessment. ISSN 1366-5278. 24(72), p. 1–290. doi: 10.3310/hta24720. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Early identification of women at risk is needed to plan management. Objectives: To assess the performance of existing pre-eclampsia prediction models and to develop and validate models for pre-eclampsia using individual participant data meta-analysis. We also estimated the prognostic value of individual markers. Design: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of cohort studies. Setting: Source data from secondary and tertiary care. Predictors: We identified predictors from systematic reviews, and prioritised for importance in an international survey. Primary outcomes: Early-onset (delivery at < 34 weeks' gestation), late-onset (delivery at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation) and any-onset pre-eclampsia. Analysis: We externally validated existing prediction models in UK cohorts and reported their performance in terms of discrimination and calibration. We developed and validated 12 new models based on clinical characteristics, clinical characteristics and biochemical markers, and clinical characteristics and ultrasound markers in the first and second trimesters. We summarised the data set-specific performance of each model using a random-effects meta-analysis. Discrimination was considered promising for C-statistics of ≥ 0.7, and calibration was considered good if the slope was near 1 and calibration-in-the-large was near 0. Heterogeneity was quantified using I 2 and τ2. A decision curve analysis was undertaken to determine the clinical utility (net benefit) of the models. We reported the unadjusted prognostic value of individual predictors for pre-eclampsia as odds ratios with 95% confidence and prediction intervals. Results: The International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications network comprised 78 studies (3,570,993 singleton pregnancies) identified from systematic reviews of tests to predict pre-eclampsia. Twenty-four of the 131 published prediction models could be validated in 11 UK cohorts. Summary C-statistics were between 0.6 and 0.7 for most models, and calibration was generally poor owing to large between-study heterogeneity, suggesting model overfitting. The clinical utility of the models varied between showing net harm to showing minimal or no net benefit. The average discrimination for IPPIC models ranged between 0.68 and 0.83. This was highest for the second-trimester clinical characteristics and biochemical markers model to predict early-onset pre-eclampsia, and lowest for the first-trimester clinical characteristics models to predict any pre-eclampsia. Calibration performance was heterogeneous across studies. Net benefit was observed for International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications first and second-trimester clinical characteristics and clinical characteristics and biochemical markers models predicting any pre-eclampsia, when validated in singleton nulliparous women managed in the UK NHS. History of hypertension, parity, smoking, mode of conception, placental growth factor and uterine artery pulsatility index had the strongest unadjusted associations with pre-eclampsia. Limitations: Variations in study population characteristics, type of predictors reported, too few events in some validation cohorts and the type of measurements contributed to heterogeneity in performance of the International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications models. Some published models were not validated because model predictors were unavailable in the individual participant data. Conclusion: For models that could be validated, predictive performance was generally poor across data sets. Although the International Prediction of Pregnancy Complications models show good predictive performance on average, and in the singleton nulliparous population, heterogeneity in calibration performance is likely across settings.

• Tran, Anh Thi; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E.; Cooper, John & Sandberg, Sverre [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Factors associated with potential over- and undertreatment of hyperglycaemia and annual measurement of HbA<inf>1c</inf> in type 2 diabetes in norwegian general practice. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. doi: 10.1111/dme.14500. Full text in Research Archive
• Nøkleby, Kjersti; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Tran, Anh Thi; Bakke, Åsne & Gjelsvik, Bjørn E. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2020). Variation between general practitioners in type 2 diabetes processes of care. Primary Care Diabetes. ISSN 1751-9918. p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2020.11.018. Full text in Research Archive
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sørbye, Linn Marie; Vik, Eline Skirnisdottir & Schytt, Erica [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Gestational diabetes mellitus by maternal country of birth and length of residence in immigrant women in Norway. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/dme.14493. Full text in Research Archive
• Toftemo, Ingun; Jenum, Anne Karen & Sletner, Line (2020). Body mass index trajectories up to preschool age in a multi-ethnic population; relations with maternal gestational diabetes, BMI and gestational weight gain. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. doi: 10.1111/apa.15637.
• Snell, Kym I.E.; Allotey, John; Smuk, Melanie; Hooper, Richard; Chan, Claire & Ahmed, Asif [Show all 60 contributors for this article] (2020). External validation of prognostic models predicting pre-eclampsia: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMC Medicine. ISSN 1741-7015. 18, p. 1–18. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01766-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Rabanal, Kjersti Stormark; Igland, Jannicke; Tell, Grethe S.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Klemsdal, Tor Ole & Ariansen, Inger [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Validation of the cardiovascular risk model NORRISK 2 in South Asians and people with diabetes. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 55(1), p. 56–62. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2020.1821909. Full text in Research Archive
• Slåtsve, Kristina Barbara; Claudi, Tor; Lappegård, Knut Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Larsen, Marthe & Cooper, John [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). The total prevalence of diagnosed diabetes and the quality of diabetes care for the adult population in Salten, Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1177/1403494820951004. Full text in Research Archive
• Tollånes, Mette Christophersen; Jenum, Anne Karen; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Løvaas, Karianne Fjeld; Cooper, John & Sandberg, Sverre (2020). Availability and analytical quality of hemoglobin A1c point-of-care testing in general practitioners’ offices are associated with better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. ISSN 1434-6621. 58(8), p. 1349–1356. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0026. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg; Jenum, Anne Karen; Næss, Oyvind & Sletner, Line (2020). The association between birthweight and grandparental type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a multiethnic population. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. ISSN 2040-1744. 11(4), p. 403–409. doi: 10.1017/S2040174419000758. Full text in Research Archive
• Tran, Anh Thi; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E.; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Thue, Geir & Cooper, John [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Ethnic and gender differences in the management of type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from Norwegian general practice. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 19:903, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4557-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Bakke, Åsne; Dalen, Ingvild; Thue, Geir; Cooper, John; Skeie, Svein & Berg, Tore Julsrud [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Variation in the achievement of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL cholesterol targets in type 2 diabetes in general practice and characteristics associated with risk factor control. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1111/dme.14159. Full text in Research Archive
• Gjelsvik, Bjørn E.; Tran, Anh Thi; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Bakke, Åsne; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Nøkleby, Kjersti [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Exploring the relationship between coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study of secondary prevention among diabetes patients. British Journal of General Practice Open. ISSN 2398-3795. doi: 10.3399/bjgpopen18X101636. Full text in Research Archive
• Abuelmagd, Walaa Metwally Ali Abdalaah; Osman, Bavi Botan; Håkonsen, Helle; Jenum, Anne Karen & Toverud, Else-Lydia (2019). Experiences of Kurdish immigrants with the management of type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study from Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 37(3), p. 345–352. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2019.1639911. Full text in Research Archive
• Næss-Andresen, Marthe-Lise; Eggemoen, Åse Ruth; Berg, Jens Petter; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Jenum, Anne Karen (2019). Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, and total body iron for the detection of iron deficiency in early pregnancy: A multiethnic population-based study with low use of iron supplements. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. ISSN 0002-9165. 109(3), p. 566–575. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy366. Full text in Research Archive
• Caínzos-Achirica, Miguel; Fedeli, Ugo; Sattar, Naveed; Agyemang, Charles; Jenum, Anne Karen & McEvoy, John William [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2019). Epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention of cardiovascular disease in individuals of South Asian ethnicity living in Europe. Atherosclerosis. ISSN 0021-9150. 286, p. 105–113. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.05.014.
• Arora, G. P.; Åkerlund, M.; Bruns, C; Moen, Gunn-Helen; Wasenius, N. S. & Sommer, Christine [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2019). Phenotypic and genotypic differences between Indian and Scandinavian women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. doi: 10.1111/joim.12903.
• Jenum, Anne Karen; Brekke, Idunn; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Muilwijk, Mirthe; Ramachandran, Ambady & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2019). Effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on the risk of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised controlled trials. Diabetologia. ISSN 0012-186X. 62(8), p. 1337–1348. doi: 10.1007/s00125-019-4905-2.
• Kinnunen, Tarja I.; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Sletner, Line; Torgersen, Leila; Sommer, Christine & Waage, Christin Wiegels [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Ethnic differences in body mass index trajectories from 18 years to postpartum in a population-based cohort of pregnant women in Norway. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 9(2). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022640. Full text in Research Archive
• Brekke, Idunn; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn & Jenum, Anne Karen (2019). Sickness absence in pregnancy: associations with sedentary behavior. A population-based cohort study from Norway. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 19(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6379-4.
• Bakke, Åsne; Tran, Anh Thi; Dalen, Ingvild; Cooper, John; Løvaas, Karianne Fjeld & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2018). Population, general practitioner and practice characteristics are associated with screening procedures for microvascular complications in Type 2 diabetes care in Norway. Diabetic Medicine. ISSN 0742-3071. p. 1–13. doi: 10.1111/dme.13842.
• Muilwijk, Mirthe; Nicolaou, Mary; Qureshi, Samera Azeem; Celis-Morales, Carlos; Gill, Jason M.R. & Sheikh, Aziz [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Dietary and physical activity strategies to prevent type 2 diabetes in South Asian adults: A systematic review. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200681. Full text in Research Archive
• Torbjørnsen, Astrid; Småstuen, Milada C; Jenum, Anne Karen; Årsand, Eirik & Ribu, Lis (2018). The Service User Technology Acceptability Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation of the Norwegian Version. JMIR Human Factors. ISSN 2292-9495. 5(4). doi: 10.2196/10255. Full text in Research Archive
• Riiser, Amund; Solbraa, Ane; Jenum, Anne Karen; Birkeland, Kåre I. & Andersen, Lars Bo (2018). Cycling and walking for transport and their associations with diabetes and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Transport and Health. ISSN 2214-1405. 11, p. 193–201. doi: 10.1016/j.jth.2018.09.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Toftemo, Ingun; Jenum, Anne Karen; Lagerløv, Per; Juliusson, Petur Benedikt; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum & Sletner, Line (2018). Contrasting patterns of overweight and thinness among preschool children of different ethnic groups in Norway, and relations with maternal and early life factors. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 18:1056, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5952-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Shakeel, Nilam; Sletner, Line; Falk, Ragnhild Sørum; Slinning, Kari; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Prevalence of postpartum depressive symptoms in a multiethnic population and the role of ethnicity and integration. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 241, p. 49–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.056. Full text in Research Archive
• Bærug, Anne Bergljot; Sletner, Line; Laake, Petter; Fretheim, Atle; Løland, Beate Fossum & Waage, Christin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Recent gestational diabetes was associated with mothers stopping predominant breastfeeding earlier in a multi-ethnic population. Acta Paediatrica. ISSN 0803-5253. 107(6), p. 1028–1035. doi: 10.1111/apa.14274. Full text in Research Archive
• Eggemoen, Åse Ruth; Waage, Christin; Sletner, Line; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal; Birkeland, Kåre I. & Jenum, Anne Karen (2018). Vitamin D, gestational diabetes, and measures of glucose metabolism in a population-based multiethnic cohort. Journal of Diabetes Research. ISSN 2314-6745. 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/8939235. Full text in Research Archive
• Torbjørnsen, Astrid; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Jenum, Anne Karen; Årsand, Eirik & Ribu, Lis (2018). Acceptability of an mHealth app intervention for persons with type 2 diabetes and its associations with initial self-management: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research. ISSN 1438-8871. 6(5). doi: 10.2196/mhealth.8824. Full text in Research Archive
• Tran, Anh Thi; Bakke, Åsne; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E.; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Nøkleby, Kjersti [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2018). Are general practitioners characteristics associated with the quality of type 2 diabetes care in general practice? Results from the Norwegian ROSA4 study from 2014. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. ISSN 0281-3432. 36(2), p. 170–179. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2018.1459238. Full text in Research Archive
• Shakeel, Nilam; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Slinning, Kari & Jenum, Anne Karen (2018). Physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms in a multiethnic cohort. Journal of Affective Disorders. ISSN 0165-0327. 236, p. 93–100. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.081. Full text in Research Archive
• Nosrati, Elias; Jenum, Anne Karen; Tran, Anh Thi; Marmot, Michael & King, Peter Laurence (2018). Ethnicity and place: the geography of diabetes inequalities under a strong welfare state. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. 28(1), p. 30–34. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx119.

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• Buhl, Esben Selmer; Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Jenum, Anne Karen; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy & Berg, Tore Julsrud [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Prediction of mortality and validation of the ATC-code based Rx-risk comorbidity index in the “Outcomes & Multi-Morbidity In Type 2 diabetes” (OMIT) cohort. .
• Tibballs, Katrina Louise Bø; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Jenum, Anne Karen; Straand, Jørund & Buhl, Esben Selmer (2023). Country background, education level, employment and disability in young-onset type 2 diabetes. Show summary

  Country background, education level, employment and disability in young-onset type 2 diabetes Background and Aims Young-onset type 2 diabetes (YOD – diagnosis before age 40) entails high disease burden and is mainly managed in general practice. Knowledge of how socioeconomic status and country background impact YOD risk is sparce. We aimed to study effects of education level and country background on YOD risk and effects of YOD on employment and disability. Materials and Methods Cross-sectional data on 10241 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) from Norwegian general practices (ROSA 4 study, 2014), linked to data on country background, education level, disability benefits and employment, were compared with population data matched for age, sex and residential area. Using negative binomial regression and adjusting for age and sex, we analyzed YOD risk by country background and education level, and the effects of YOD on risk of disability and labour market absence. Results T2D risk was increased in non-Western compared to Norwegian background. South Asians exhibited the greatest risk increase, five-fold for T2D (adjusted incidence rate ratio, aIRR 4.7 (4.3-5.2)) and nine-fold for YOD (aIRR 8.9 (7.3-11.0)). T2D risk in low education was almost double that in high education, with YOD risk significantly higher than for later onset T2D (see table). There was significant interaction between low education and country background, with only Westerners exhibiting a substantially increased risk of YOD (aIRR 3.2 (2.4-4.4)). Disability risk was doubled in T2D (aIRR 2.2 (2.0-2.3) and three-fold higher in YOD (aIRR 3.1 (2.7-3.5) than in the population. Workforce participation was only reduced in T2D diagnosed before age 50. Conclusion Non-Western, particularly South Asian background and low education was associated with increased risk of YOD. Low education was an important YOD risk factor only for Westerners. Risk of disability and labour market absence was significantly higher in YOD than in later onset T2D and in the general population.

• Tibballs, Katrina Louise Bø; Kirkebøen, Lars Johannessen; Jenum, Anne Karen; Straand, Jørund & Buhl, Esben Selmer (2023). EDUCATION LEVEL AND COUNTRY BACKGROUND IN YOUNG-ONSET TYPE 2 DIABETES. Show summary

  EDUCATION LEVEL AND COUNTRY BACKGROUND IN YOUNG-ONSET TYPE 2 DIABETES Background Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with socioeconomic status and country background, but knowledge about the influence of these factors in young-onset T2D (YOD) is sparce. We aimed to examine the risk of YOD according to education level and country background. Methods Cross-sectional data from 2014 on 10241 individuals with T2D from Norwegian general practices (ROSA 4 study) were linked to data from Statistics Norway on country background and education level. Using separate data for the population of Norway, ROSA 4 individuals were compared with individuals matched for age, sex and residential area. Poisson regression analyses of T2D risk by country background and education compared YOD (diagnosis before age 40) with later onset T2D. Results In ROSA 4, 10% had YOD. Of these, 39% had non-Western background (22% South Asians) vs. 20% in the matched population. Among South Asians 29% of T2D was diagnosed before age 40 vs 7% of those with Norwegian background. Compulsory education was the highest education level in 36% in ROSA 4 vs 26% in the matched population. In YOD, these shares were 41% and 21%. T2D risk was increased in non-Western background compared to Norwegian background, particularly in South Asians (Incidence rate ratio, IRR 4.2 (4.0-4.5)). The risk was doubled in YOD (IRR 8.9 (8.0-9.8)). T2D risk was increased in individuals with lower education levels and the effect was larger in YOD (see table). There was an interaction between education level and country background in their association with YOD risk, individuals with Norwegian background, but not to South Asians, with low education having increased risk. Conclusion Non-Western background is associated with increased risk of T2D onset at a younger age. South Asians have particularly high risk. Low education is a risk factor for young-onset T2D in Norwegians, but not in South Asian immigrants.

• Fragoso Bargas, Nicolas; Linares-Pineda, Teresa; Molina-Vega, María; Picón, María José; Jenum, Anne Karen & Sletner, Line [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2023). Methylation risk score for gestational diabetes on DNA methylation patterns associated with type 2 diabetes.
• Waage, Christin; Toftemo, Ingun; Brænd, Anja Maria; Sletner, Line; Sommer, Christine & Birkeland, Kåre Inge [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Cohort profile update: the Norwegian STORK Groruddalen (STORK G) pregnancy and birth cohort—the role of ethnicity and causal pathways for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and other health issues. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 13(10), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076251. Full text in Research Archive
• Waage, Christin; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Brænd, Anja Maria; Jenum, Anne Karen & Birkeland, Kåre Inge (2023). Prediabetes and diabetes 11 years after pregnancy in ethnic minority groups with and without gestational diabetes.
• Toftemo, Ingun; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn & Brænd, Anja Maria (2022). Does exposure to gestational diabetes cause obesity in pre-pubertal children?
• Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis; Jenum, Anne Karen; Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Berg, Tore Julsrud & Røssberg, Jan Ivar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). The validity of the Rx-risk comorbidity index among adults in the Outcomes & Multimorbidity in Type 2 diabetes cohort (OMIT).
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Nilsen, Roy Miodini; Pouwer, Frans; Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Associations of immigrant background and diabetes start course participation in adults with type 2 diabetes in Norway - a study from the OMIT-cohort.
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sørbye, Linn Marie; Vik, Eline Skirnisdottir & Schytt, Erica [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Gestational diabetes and maternal country of birth.
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Nilsen, Roy Miodini; Pouwer, Francois; Igland, Jannicke; Forster, Rachel Bedenis & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Participation in diabetes educational programs in adults with type 2 diabetes in Norway: whom are we reaching?
• Bennetter, Karin Elisabeth; Waage, Christin; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Jenum, Anne Karen & Robinson, Hilde Stendal (2022). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level 11 years postpartum in a multiethnic sample.
• Bennetter, Karin Elisabeth; Waage, Christin; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Jenum, Anne Karen; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke & Robinson, Hilde Stendal [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Associations between social support and physical activity among postpartum women: a cohort study.
• Waage, Christin; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Jenum, Anne Karen; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke & Robinson, Hilde Stendal (2022). Associations between social support and physical activity among postpartum women: a cohort study. European Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1101-1262. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac131.440.
• Mdala, Ibrahimu; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke; Jenum, Anne Karen; Robinson, Hilde Stendal & Waage, Christin Wiegels (2022). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level 11 years postpartum in a multi-ethnic sample.
• Robinson, Hilde Stendal; Waage, Christin Wiegels; Vøllestad, Nina Køpke; Jenum, Anne Karen; Mdala, Ibrahimu & Richardsen, Kåre Rønn (2022). Associations between social support and physical activity among postpartum women: a cohort study.
• Fragoso-Bargas, Nicolas; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Moen, Gunn-Helen Øiseth; Oppsahl, JO; Sletner, Line & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Epigenome-Wide Association Study of objectively measured physical activity in pregnancy.
• Fragoso-Bargas, Nicolas; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre; Moen, Gunn-Helen Øiseth; oppsahl, JO; Sletner, Line & Jenum, Anne Karen [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Epigenome-Wide Association Study of objectively measured moderate physical activity in pregnan. Show summary

  Epigenome-Wide Association Study of objectively measured moderate physical activity in pregnancy Nicolas Fragoso-Bargas1,2, Sindre Lee-Ødegård2, Gunn-Helen Moen2,3,4,5, Julia O. Opsahl2, Line Sletner2,6, Anne Karen Jenum2, Paul Franks7, Rashmi B. Prasad8, Leif C. Groop8, Elisabeth Qvigstad1,2, Kåre I. Birkeland2, Kåre R. Richardsen9, Christine Sommer1 1Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, 2University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, 3The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia, 4Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 5University of Bristol, UK, 6Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway, 7Lund University Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Malmö, Sweden, 8Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden,9Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway. Physical activity (PA) is recommended during pregnancy to reduce the risk of excessive weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus, and to improve general health. DNA methylation (DNAm) has been proposed as a potential molecular mechanism through which physical activity (PA) mediates the effects on the transcriptome. Here we performed an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of objectively measured moderate physical activity in pregnancy, which has not been performed previously. In EPIPREG (a sub-sample of the population-based STORK Groruddalen study) we quantified DNAm at gestational week 28 (±2 SD) with Illumina’s Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip. With SenseWear™ Pro3 Armband, we measured hours per day of moderate PA (3.0 to 6.0 metabolic equivalent for task (MET)) and steps/day. DNAm outliers that were 4 times the interquartile range below or above the 25TH and 75TH percentiles respectively were removed, before the beta values were transformed to M-values. Of the 472 that passed the EWAS quality control, 239 European (EUR) and 109 South Asian women (SA) had two valid days of recorded PA (19.2h per day), and were non-outliers (±4 SD) in their respective ethnic group. We used two approaches to test the association between M-values and moderate PA (hours/day): 1) A trans-ethnic approach using mixed linear models adjusted for blood cell proportions, age, smoking, number of steps, number of valid days (between 2 to 8), and ethnicity as a random intercept, and 2) through separate analyses in EUR and SA using linear modelling adjusted with the before mentioned covariates. We accepted a false discovery rate of 10%. In the trans-ethnic analysis, only cg08148261 located in the promoter area of LDHB was significantly associated with moderate PA. In Europeans, eight sites were significant: cg19031974 (BSN-AS2), cg19053287 (MCF2L) cg14930390 (MUTED), cg18517050 (CIAPIN1) and cg26191378 (TMUB1), located near promoter areas, cg27160968 (ESRRA) and cg15879426 (c17orf101) located in exon boundaries, and cg10421808 which is unannotated. In South Asians, only cg05999993 in the promoter area of AOAH was associated with moderate PA. Most of the sites showed decreased DNAm at increased moderate PA (hours/day), while in cg10421808, cg14930390 and cg15879426 the opposite was observed. In conclusion, we found several significant associations between DNAm and moderate PA. Several CpGs were located near gene promoter areas, which could imply altered transcription of the respective genes. These findings suggest that PA may exert changes in DNAm with important transcriptional implications during pregnancy.

• Stalheim, Astrid M.; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Seasonal variation in gestational diabetes mellitus.
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Jenum, Anne Karen & Iversen, Marjolein M. (2022). Tiltak for å forebygge svangerskapsdiabetes må være kulturelt tilpasset. https://sykepleien.no/fag. doi: 10.4220/Sykepleiens.2022.87985.
• Jenum, Anne Karen (2021). Diabetes and guidelines in practice. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0191.
• Stalheim, Astrid M.; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Nilsen, Roy Miodini & Aasheim, Vigdis [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Associations between seasonality and gestational diabetes mellitus.
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sørbye, Linn Marie; Vik, Eline Skirnisdottir & Aasheim, Vigdis [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Gestational diabetes mellitus by maternal country of birth and length of residence in immigrant women in Norway.
• Strandberg, Ragnhild Bjarkøy; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sørbye, Linn Marie; Vik, Eline Skirnisdottir & Aasheim, Vigdis [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Gestational diabetes mellitus by maternal country of birth and length of residence in immigrant women.
• Shakeel, Nilam; Eberhard-Gran, Malin; Martinsen, Egil Wilhelm; Slinning, Kari & Jenum, Anne Karen (2019). Depressive symptoms in pregnant and postpartum women.
• Henriksen, Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Thordarson, Hrafnkell B; Holm, Helene Oeding; Gudim, Hilde Beate & Hanssen, Kristian Folkvord (2018). Backes sammensurium av retningslinjer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001.
• Henriksen, Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Thordarson, Hrafnkell B; Holm, Helene Oeding; Gudim, Hilde Beate & Hanssen, Kristian Folkvord (2018). Backe's budskap til norske kolleger: Glem svangerskapsdiabetes. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001.
• Henriksen, Tore; Jenum, Anne Karen; Thordarson, Hrafnkell B; Holm, Helene Oeding; Gudim, Hilde Beate & Hanssen, Kristian Folkvord (2018). Lite nytt i kritikk av retningslinjene for svangerskapsdiabetes. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 138(10), p. 894–894. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0430.
• Tran, Anh Thi; Gjelsvik, Bjørn E.; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Nøkleby, Kjersti; Cooper, John & Bakke, Åsne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2018). The influences of ethnicity on the quality of type 2 diabetes care in Norwegian general practice.
• Jenum, Anne Karen; Brekke, Idunn; Mdala, Ibrahimu; Muilwijk, Mirthe; Ramachandran, Ambady & Kjøllesdal, Marte Karoline Råberg [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2018). Effects of dietary and physical activity interventions on the risk of type 2 diabetes in South Asians: individual participant data meta-analysis of randomsed controlled trials .
• Kinnunen, Tarja I; Richardsen, Kåre Rønn; Sommer, Christine; Sletner, Line; Waage, Christin Wiegels & Mdala, Ibrahimu [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Ethnic differences in body mass index trajectories from 18 years to 3 months postpartum in a cohort in Norway. Show summary

  Longitudinal studies in multiethnic populations are needed to identify the periods in life when ethnic differences in development of overweight emerge. This study explored ethnic differences in changes in body mass index (BMI) among women from the age of 18 years until three months postpartum.

• Rabanal, Kjersti Stormark; Meyer, Haakon E; Tell, Grethe S.; Igland, Jannicke; Pylypchuk, Romana & Mehta, Suneela [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Can traditional risk factors explain the higher risk of CVD in South Asians compared to Europeans in Norway and New Zealand? Two cohort studies.
• Hanssen, Kristian Folkvord; Jenum, Anne Karen; Henriksen, Tore; Bjerkan, Kirsti; Gudim, Hilde Beate & Holm, Helene Oeding [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Svangerskapsomsorg på rett vei. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Torbjørnsen, Astrid; Ribu, Lis; Jenum, Anne Karen & Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova (2020). Effect of an mHealth intervention for persons with type 2 diabetes and their acceptability of the device: Results from the Norwegian randomised controlled study in RENEWING HeALTH. Universitetet i Oslo.

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