Inger Schou-Bredal

• Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Schou-Bredal, Inger; Skogstad, Laila & Ekeberg, Øivind (2024). Prevalence of suicide attempt and associations with deliberate self-harm, mental health problems, drug misuse and traumatic experiences - a cross sectional survey of the Norwegian population. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-05610-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Kjernsholen, Jeanette; Schou-Bredal, Inger; Kåresen, Rolf; Søberg, Helene L. & Sagen, Aase (2023). A Prospective Intervention Study With 6 Months Follow-up of the Effect of Reablement in Home Dwelling Elderly: Patient-reported and Observed Outcomes. Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. ISSN 2590-1095. doi: 10.1016/j.arrct.2023.100311.
• Lerdal, Anners; Gay, Caryl; Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Grimholt, Tine Kristin & Heir, Trond [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Validation of a short version of the Lee fatigue scale in adults living in Norway: a cross-sectional population survey. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-023-17036-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Due to the nature of fatigue, a brief reliable measure of fatigue severity is needed. Thus, the aim of our study was to evaluate a short version of the Lee Fatigue Scale (LFS) in the Norwegian general population. Methods This cross-sectional survey consists of a representative sample from the Norwegian population drawn by The National Population Register in Norway. The study is part of a larger study (NORPOP) aimed at collecting normative data from several questionnaires focused on health in adults living in Norway. Registered citizens between 18 and 94 years of age were randomly selected stratified by age, sex and geographic region. Of the 4971 respondents eligible for the study, 1792 (36%) responded to the survey. In addition to age and sex, we collected responses on a 5-item version of the LFS measuring current fatige severity. The psychometric properties focusing on internal structure and precision of the LFS items were analyzed by a Rasch rating scale model. Results Complete LFS scores for analyses were available for 1767 adults. Women had higher LFS-scores than men, and adults < 55 years old had higher scores than older respondents. Our analysis of the LFS showed that the average category on each item advanced monotonically. Two of the five items demonstrated misfit, while the three other items demonstrated goodness-of-fit to the model and uni-dimensionality. Items #1 and #4 (tired and fatigue respectively) showed differential item functioning (DIF) by sex, but no items showed DIFs in relation to age. The separation index of the LFS 3-item scale showed that the sample could be separated into three different groups according to the respondents’ fatigue levels. The LFS-3 raw scores correlated strongly with the Rasch measure from the three items. The core dimensions in these individual items were very similarly expressed in the Norwegian language version and this may be a threat to the cultural-related or language validity of a short version of the LFS using these particular items. Conclusions The study provides validation of a short LFS 3-item version for estimating fatigue in the general population.

• Bredal, Inger Schou; Sørensen, Elin; Heitmann, Kari; Jensen, Vibeke Schou & Drageset, Sigrunn (2022). Development of the Breast Cancer Survivors Symptom Checklist for use in follow-up multidisciplinary appointments . Patient Related Outcome Measures. ISSN 1179-271X. 13, p. 199–208. doi: 10.2147/PROM.S364625. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila; Grimholt, Tine Kristin & Heir, Trond (2022). A comparison between healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers’ anxiety, depression and PTSD during the initial COVID -19 lockdown. Public Health in Practice. ISSN 2666-5352. 3. doi: 10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100267. Full text in Research Archive
• Høghaug, Grete; Skår, Randi; Tran, Thien Ngoc & Bredal, Inger Schou (2021). Examining the effect of an education intervention on nurses’ medicines management knowledge. Nursing management. ISSN 1354-5760. 28(5), p. 33–40. doi: 10.7748/nm.2021.e2005.
• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Puntillo, Kathleen; Skogstad, Laila & Bredal, Inger Schou [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Occurrence and characteristics of pain after ICU discharge: A longitudinal study. Nursing in Critical Care. ISSN 1362-1017. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12701.
• Schou-Bredal, Inger; Grimholt, Tine K.; Bonsaksen, Tore; Skogstad, Laila; Heir, Trond & Ekeberg, Øivind (2021). Psychological responses and associated factors during the initial lockdown due to the corona disease epidemic (COVID-19) among Norwegian citizens. Journal of Mental Health. ISSN 0963-8237. p. 1–9. doi: 10.1080/09638237.2021.1952949. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  BACKGROUND Ongoing COVID-19 studies pay little attention to the risk or protective factors related to psychological stress. AIMS This study aims to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and insomnia during the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak, and explore factors that might be associated with these outcomes. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted using snowball-sampling strategy. Participants from 18 years or older filled out an anonymous online questionnaire. RESULTS A total of 4527 citizens filled out the questionnaire. Prevalence rates were; insomnia 31.8%, anxiety 17.1% and depression 12.5%. Risk factors associated with anxiety, depression and insomnia were being single (OR = 0.75, OR = 0.57, OR = 0.59), unemployed (OR = 0.47, OR = 0.53, OR = 0.73), financial concerns (OR = 1.66, OR = 2.09, OR = 1.80) at risk for complication from COVID-19 (OR = 1.63, OR = 1.68, OR = 1.60), and being generally worried due to the COVID-19 (OR 0 3.06, OR = 1.41, OR = 1.74). CONCLUSION Being single, unemployed, at risk of health complications, or having concerns because of financial or other consequences of the pandemic are associated with mental health adversities such as anxiety, depression and insomnia during a pandemic lockdown.

• Bredal, Inger Schou; Skogstad, Laila; Grimholt, Tine K.; Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind & Heir, Trond (2021). Concerns in the norwegian population during the initial lockdown due to the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(11). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18116119. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abstract: Although concern affects one’s welfare or happiness, few studies to date have focused on peoples’ concerns during the initial COVID-19 lockdown. The aim of the study was to explore concerns in the Norwegian populations according to gender and age, and identify which concerns were most prominent during the lockdown. A population-based cross-sectional online survey using snowball-sampling strategies was conducted, to which 4527 adults (≥18 years) responded. Questions related to concerns had response alternatives yes or no. In addition, they were asked which concern was most prominent. Nearly all the 4527 respondents (92%) reported that they were concerned: 60.9% were generally concerned about the pandemic, 83.9% were concerned about family and friends, 21.8% had financial concerns, and 25.3% expected financial loss. More women were concerned about family and friends than males, (85.2% vs. 76.2%, p < 0.001), whereas more men expected financial loss (30.4% vs. 24.4%y, p = 0.001). Younger adults (<50 years) had more financial concerns than older adults (25.9% vs. 10.5%, p < 0.001). Being concerned about family and friends was the most prominent concern and was associated with; lower age (OR 0.79), female gender (OR 1.59), and being next of kin (2.42). The most prominent concern for adults 70 years or older was being infected by COVID-19. In conclusion, women and younger individuals were most concerned. While adults under 70 years of age were most concerned about family and friends and adults 70 years or older were most concerned about being infected by COVID-19.

• Høghaug, Grete; Skår, Randi; Tran, Thien Ngoc; Diep, Lien My & Bredal, Inger Schou (2021). Three-month follow-up effects of a medication management program on nurses’ knowledge. Nurse Education in Practice. ISSN 1471-5953. 51:102979, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2021.102979.
• Skogstad, Laila; Bredal, Inger Schou; Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Ekeberg, Øivind & Grimholt, Tine Kristin (2021). Concerns related to the COVID-19 in adult Norwegians during the first outbreak in 2020: A qualitative approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 18(8). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084312. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Concerns related to the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Norwegian population are studied in a cross-sectional web-survey conducted between 8 April and 20 May 2020. The qualitative thematic analysis of the open-ended question “Do you have other concerns related to the pandemic?”, followed a six-step process. Concerns from 1491 informants were analyzed, 34% of women and 30% of men (p = 0.05) provided concerns. Respondents with higher educational level reported concerns more often (86% vs. 83%, p = 0.022). The qualitative analysis revealed five themes—society, health, social activities, personal economy and duration—and 13 sub-themes, mostly related to the themes “society” and “health” (724 and 704, respectively). Empathy for others was prominent, for society (nationally and globally), but also concerns related to infecting others and family members at risk for developing serious illness if infected. The responses to the open-ended question yielded additional information, beyond the information obtained from questions with pre-categorized response options, especially related to concerns about society and health. Themes arising from the qualitative analysis shed light on what are important concerns for people during the pandemic and this may serve as targeted measures for the authorities.

• Bonsaksen, Tore; Skogstad, Laila; Heir, Trond; Ekeberg, Øivind; Bredal, Inger Schou & Grimholt, Tine Kristin (2021). Suicide Thoughts and Attempts in the Norwegian General Population during the Early Stage of the COVID-19 Outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. p. 1–9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of suicide thoughts and attempts during the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak and examine pandemic-related factors associated with suicide thoughts in the general Norwegian population. A sample of 4527 adults living in Norway were recruited via social media. Data related to suicide thoughts and attempts, alcohol use, pandemic-related concerns, and sociodemographic variables were collected. Associations with suicide thoughts were analyzed with logistic regression analysis. In the sample, 3.6% reported suicide thoughts during the last month, while 0.2% had attempted suicide during the same period. Previous suicide attempts (OR: 11.93, p < 0.001), lower age (OR: 0.69, p < 0.001), daily alcohol use (OR: 3.31, p < 0.001), being in the risk group for COVID-19 complications (OR: 2.15, p < 0.001), and having economic concerns related to the pandemic (OR: 2.28, p < 0.001) were associated with having current suicide thoughts. In addition to known risk factors, the study suggests that aspects specific to COVID-19 may be important for suicidal behaviors during the pandemic.

• Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Bredal, Inger Schou; Skogstad, Laila; Heir, Trond & Grimholt, Tine Kristin (2021). Use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway: associations with mental health and pandemic-related problems . Frontiers in Public Health. ISSN 2296-2565. 9:667729(429), p. 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.667729. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has had a major impact on people's daily life. This study aimed to examine use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway and examine their association with mental health problems and problems related to the pandemic. Methods: A sample of 4,527 persons responded to the survey. Use of alcohol and addictive drugs were cross-tabulated with sociodemographic variables, mental health problems, and problems related to COVID-19. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the strength of the associations. Results: Daily use of alcohol was associated with depression and expecting financial loss in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. Use of cannabis was associated with expecting financial loss in relation to COVID-19. Use of sedatives was associated with anxiety, depression, and insomnia. Use of painkillers was associated with insomnia and self-reported risk of complications if contracting the coronavirus. Conclusion: The occurrence of mental health problems is more important for an understanding of the use of alcohol and addictive drugs during the COVID-19 outbreak in Norway, compared to specific pandemic-related worries.

• Schou-Bredal, Inger; Grimholt, Tine; Bonsaksen, Tore; Skogstad, Laila; Heir, Trond & Ekeberg, Øivind (2021). Optimists' and pessimists' self-reported mental and global health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. Health Psychology Report. ISSN 2353-4184. 9(2), p. 1–9. doi: 10.5114/hpr.2021.102394. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  background The COVID-19 pandemic represents a global health crisis. How well people cope with this situation depends on many factors, including one’s personality, such as dispositional optimism. The aim of the study was to investigate: 1) optimists’ and pessimists’ concerns during lockdown, and mental and global health; 2) whether pessimists without known risk factors more often than optimists report being at risk for COVID-19. participants and procedure A snowball sampling strategy was used; 4,527 people, 18 years or older, participated in a survey on a variety of mental health conditions and COVID-19 worries. In addition, they completed the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R). Optimism was defined by LOT-R f ≥ 17. results Fewer optimists than pessimists reported that they were worried about COVID-19, respectively 51.2% vs. 66.8%, p < .001. Among those reporting none of the known somatic risk factors, more pessimists than optimists (14.3% vs. 9.1%, p < .001) considered themselves at risk of a fatal outcome from COVID-19. Significantly fewer optimists reported that they had anxiety (5.1%), depression (3.4%), suicidal ideation (0.7%) and insomnia (19.3%) during the COVID-19 outbreak than pessimists (24.7% anxiety, 18.4% depression, 5.4% suicidal ideation, 39.8% insomnia, all p < .001). Optimists reported better global health than pessimists (87.2 vs. 84.6, p < .001). conclusions Optimists were generally less worried about the COVID-19 pandemic than pessimists and reported better mental and global health during lockdown. Pessimists more often than optimists reported being at risk for COVID-19 without reporting known risk factors. key words anxiety; COVID-19; depression; dispositional optimism; insomnia

• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada C; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila & Bredal, Inger Schou [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Effect of Nurse-Led Consultations on Post-Traumatic Stress and Sense of Coherence in Discharged ICU Patients With Clinically Relevant Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 48(12), p. 1218–1225. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004628. Show summary

  Objectives: To investigate the effect of nurse-led consultations on reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms and increasing sense of coherence in discharged ICU patients with clinically relevant post-traumatic stress symptoms and to identify variables associated with symptoms 12 months later. Design: A pragmatic nonblinded randomized controlled trial. Settings: Five surgical and medical ICUs at Oslo University Hospital. Patients: Adult patients treated in the ICU greater than or equal to 24 hours were screened with Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B after ICU discharge. Those scoring greater than or equal to 25 were included in the study. Intervention: Patients randomized to intervention group were offered three nurse-led consultations within 2 months, and patients in the control group received standard care. Measurements and Main Results: Sense of Coherence Scale 13 and Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B were completed after inclusion, and reevaluated after 3, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed model for repeated measures and linear regression analyses were performed. Among 523 screened patients, 111 and 113 were randomized to intervention group and control group, respectively. Mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score was 37 (±10) before randomization. No differences in post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence were found between intervention group versus control group, with a mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score 39 (95% CI, 37–41) versus 37 (95% CI, 35–39), 32 (95% CI, 28–35) versus 32 (95% CI, 29–35), 31 (95% CI, 28–34) versus 30 (95% CI, 27–33), and 31 (95% CI, 28–34) versus 29 (95% CI, 26–33) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. There was a significantly reduced Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score for both groups during the year (p = 0.001). Low sense of coherence, pain, and previous psychiatric problems were associated with increased level of post-traumatic stress symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions: Nurse-led consultations did not reveal any significant effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence after ICU discharge in patients with clinically relevant symptoms.

• Bjerkeset, Ellen; Røhrl, Kari & Bredal, Inger Schou (2020). Symptom cluster of pain, fatigue, and psychological distress in breast cancer survivors: prevalence and characteristics . Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. ISSN 0167-6806. 180(1), p. 63–71. doi: 10.1007/s10549-020-05522-8.
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Bredal, Inger Schou; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila & Grimholt, Tine K. (2020). Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH). ISSN 1661-7827. 17(24), p. 1–10. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17249210. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The COVID-19 outbreak and the sudden lockdown of society in March 2020 had a large impact on people’s daily life and gave rise to concerns for the mental health in the general population. The aim of the study was to examine post-traumatic stress reactions related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and factors associated with post-traumatic stress in the Norwegian population during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. A survey was administered via social media channels, to which a sample of 4527 adults (≥18 years) responded. Symptom-defined PTSD was measured with the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5. The items were specifically linked to the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the DSM-5 diagnostic guidelines to categorize participants as fulfilling the PTSD symptom criteria or not. Associations with PTSD were examined with single and multiple logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 12.5% for men and 19.5% for women. PTSD was associated with lower age, female gender, lack of social support, and a range of pandemic-related variables such as economic concerns, expecting economic loss, having been in quarantine or isolation, being at high risk for complications from COVID-19 infection, and having concern for family and close friends. In conclusion, post-traumatic stress reactions appear to be common in the Norwegian population in the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. Concerns about finances, health, and family and friends seem to matter.

• Bredal, Inger Schou; Ekeberg, Øivind & Kåresen, Rolf (2020). Variability and stability of coping styles among breast cancer survivors: A prospective study. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. doi: 10.1002/pon.5587.
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Skogstad, Laila; Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Heir, Trond; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lerdal, Anners [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Substance use in the Norwegian general population: Prevalence and associations with disease . Journal of Substance Use. ISSN 1465-9891. doi: 10.1080/14659891.2020.1784303. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila; Grimholt, Tine Kristin & Lerdal, Anners [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Sexual assault and the association with health, quality of life and self-efficacy in the general Norwegian population. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. ISSN 0886-2605. doi: 10.1177/0886260520926307. Full text in Research Archive
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Skogstad, Laila; Grimholt, Tine K.; Ekeberg, Øivind & Lerdal, Anners [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Daily use of alcohol in the Norwegian general population: Prevalence and associated factors. Drugs and alcohol today. ISSN 1745-9265. doi: 10.1108/DAT-02-2020-0010. Full text in Research Archive
• Høghaug, Grete; Skår, Randi; Tran, Thien Ngoc & Bredal, Inger Schou (2019). Nurses' experiences with newly acquired knowledge about medication management: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Management. ISSN 0966-0429. 27(8), p. 1731–1737. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12864.
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila; Heir, Trond; Grimholt, Tine Kristin & Lerdal, Anners [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Self-rated global health in the Norwegian general population. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. ISSN 1477-7525. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12955-019-1258-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Skogstad, Laila; Bredal, Inger Schou; Ekeberg, Øivind & Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and sense of coherence in proximity to intensive care unit discharge. Nursing in Critical Care. ISSN 1362-1017. 25(2), p. 117–125. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12466.
• Heir, Trond; Bonsaksen, Tore; Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila & Lerdal, Anners [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Serious life events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Norwegian population. BJPsych Open. ISSN 2056-4724. 5(5), p. 1–7. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2019.62. Full text in Research Archive
• Faye-Schjøll, Hege Hovd & Bredal, Inger Schou (2019). Pessimism predicts anxiety and depression in breast cancer survivors: A 5-year follow-up study. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. 28(6), p. 1314–1320. doi: 10.1002/pon.5084.
• Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Bonsaksen, Tore; Bredal, Inger Schou; Heir, Trond; Lerdal, Anners & Skogstad, Laila [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Flight anxiety reported from 1986 to 2015. Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. ISSN 2375-6314. 90(4), p. 384–388. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.5125.2019.
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Ekeberg, Øivind; Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Lerdal, Anners & Skogstad, Laila [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Self-evaluated anxiety in the Norwegian population: Prevalence and associated factors. Archives of Public Health. ISSN 0778-7367. 77(10). doi: 10.1186/s13690-019-0338-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Bonsaksen, Tore; Heir, Trond; Skogstad, Laila; Lerdal, Anners & Grimholt, Tine Kristin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Optimists report fewer physical and mental health conditions than pessimists in the general Norwegian population. Health Psychology Report. ISSN 2353-4184. 7(1), p. 9–18. doi: 10.5114/hpr.2019.81003. Full text in Research Archive
• Moberg, Ingvild; Bredal, Inger Schou; Schneider, Michael; Tønseth, Kim Alexander & Schlichting, Ellen (2018). Complications, risk factors, and patients-reported outcomes after skin-sparing mastectomy followed by breast reconstruction in women with BRCA mutations. Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery. ISSN 2000-656X. 52(4), p. 234–239. doi: 10.1080/2000656X.2018.1470093.
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Grimholt, Tine Kristin; Skogstad, Laila; Lerdal, Anners; Ekeberg, Øivind & Heir, Trond [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Self-diagnosed depression in the Norwegian general population - associations with neuroticism, extraversion, optimism, and general self-efficacy . BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 18(1076). doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5990-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Bonsaksen, Tore; Lerdal, Anners; Heir, Trond; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila & Grimholt, Tine Kristin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). General self-efficacy in the Norwegian population: Differences and similarities between sociodemographic groups. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. doi: 10.1177/1403494818756701.
• Bredal, Inger Schou & Tøien, Kirsti (2017). Is Dispositional Optimism Associated with Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors? PSYCHOLOGY. ISSN 2152-7180. p. 1762–1773. doi: 10.4236/psych.2017.811116.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Heir, Trond; Skogstad, Laila; Bonsaksen, Tore; Lerdal, Anners & Grimholt, Tine Kristin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. ISSN 1697-2600. 17(3), p. 216–224. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.005. Full text in Research Archive
• Hetmann, Fredrik; Kongsgaard, Ulf; Sandvik, Leiv & Bredal, Inger Schou (2017). Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome and sensory disturbances following thoracotomy at 6-and 12-month follow-ups. Journal of Pain Research. ISSN 1178-7090. 10, p. 663–668. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S126639. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredal, Inger Schou & Ekeberg, Øivind (2016). The stability of dispositional optimism in relation to receiving or not receiving a cancer diagnosis. PSYCHOLOGY. ISSN 2152-7180. 7, p. 806–814. doi: 10.4236/psych.2016.76083.
• Mentzoni, Wenche & Bredal, Inger Schou (2016). Stell og bruk av sentralt venekateter i intensivavdeling. Sykepleien Forskning. ISSN 1890-2936. p. 46–54. doi: 10.4220/Sykepleienf.2016.56823.
• Hetmann, Fredrik; Kongsgaard, Ulf; Sandvik, Leiv & Bredal, Inger Schou (2015). Prevalence and predictors of persistent post-surgical pain 12 months after thoracotomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 59(6), p. 740–748. doi: 10.1111/aas.12532. Full text in Research Archive
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Bredal, Inger Schou; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2015). The last three days of life: A comparison of pain management in the young old and the oldest old hospitalised patients using the Resident Assessment Instrument for Palliative Care. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. 10(4), p. 263–272. doi: 10.1111/opn.12076.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Ottesen, Stig; Warncke, Torhild & Schlichting, Ellen (2014). Chronic pain in breast cancer survivors: Comparison of psychosocial, surgical, and medical characteristics between survivors with and without pain. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. ISSN 0885-3924. 48(5), p. 852–862. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.12.239.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Kåresen, Rolf; Smeby, Nina Aarhus; Espe, Randi; Sørensen, Elin & Amundsen, Mette [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Effects of a Psychoeducational Versus a Support Group Intervention in Patients With Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer Nursing. ISSN 0162-220X. 37(3), p. 198–207. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0b013e31829879a3.
• Hetmann, Fredrik; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sandvik, Leiv & Kongsgaard, Ulf (2013). Does chronic preoperative pain predict severe postoperative pain after thoracotomy. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 57(8), p. 1065–1072.
• Syse, Irene & Bredal, Inger Schou (2013). Studiesykepleiere - hvem er de og hva gjør de? :. Sykepleien Forskning. ISSN 1890-2936. p. 250–258. doi: 10.4220/sykepleienf.2013.0089.
• Hetmann, Fredrik; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sandvik, Leiv & Kongsgaard, Ulf (2013). Does chronic pre-operative pain predict severe post-operative pain after thoracotomy? A prospective longitudinal study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 57(8), p. 1065–1072. doi: 10.1111/aas.12159.
• Hovind, Inger Liv; Bredal, Inger Schou & Dihle, Alfhild (2013). Women's experience of acute and chronic pain following breast cancer surgery. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 22(7-8), p. 1044–1052. doi: 10.1111/jocn.12167.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Kåresen, Rolf; Skaane, Per; Engelstad, Kari Sletten & Ekeberg, Øivind (2013). Recall mammography and psychological distress. European Journal of Cancer. ISSN 0959-8049. 49(4), p. 805–811. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.09.001.
• Tøien, Kirsti; Skogstad, Laila; Ekeberg, Øivind; Myhren, Hilde & Bredal, Inger Schou (2012). Prevalence and predictors of return to work in hospitalised trauma patients during the first year after discharge: A prospective cohort study. Injury. ISSN 0020-1383. 43(9), p. 1606–1613. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.038.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2012). Last three days of life in the hospital: a comparison of symptoms, signs, and treatment in the young old and the oldest old patients using the resident Assessment Instrument for Palliative care. International Journal of Older People Nursing. ISSN 1748-3735. 8(3), p. 199–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-3743.2012.00313.x.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland; Bredal, Inger Schou & Lerdal, Anners (2012). Agreement in documentaion of symptoms, clinical signs, and treatment at the end of life. A comparison of data retrieved from nurse interviews and electronic patient records using the Resident Assessment Instrument for Palliative care. Journal of Clinical Nursing (JCN). ISSN 0962-1067. 21(9-10), p. 1416–1424. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03867.x.
• Stafseth, Siv Anna Ulla Britt Karlsson; Solms, Diana & Bredal, Inger Schou (2011). The characterisiation of workloads and nursing staff allocation in intensive care units: a descriptive study using the Nursing Activities Score for the first time in Norway. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 27(5), p. 290–294. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2011.07.003.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Sandvik, Leiv; Kåresen, Rolf & Ekeberg, Øivind (2011). Prognostic value of health-related quality-of-life parameters in early-stage breast cancer: an 8-year follow-up study. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. 20(10), p. 1102–1107. doi: 10.1002/pon.1822.
• Tøien, Kirsti; Skogstad, Laila; Ekeberg, Øivind; Myhren, Hilde & Bredal, Inger Schou (2011). Predictors of return to work in hospitalized trauma patients during the first year after discharge: A prospective cohort study. Injury. ISSN 0020-1383. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.03.038.
• Tøien, Kirsti; Bredal, Inger Schou; Skogstad, Laila; Myhren, Hilde & Ekeberg, Øivind (2011). Health related quality of life in trauma patients. Data from a one-year follow up study compared with the general population. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 19. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-22.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2011). Pain control at the end of life: a comparative study of hospitalized cancer and noncancer patients. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. ISSN 0283-9318. 25(4), p. 771–779. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2011.00892.x.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Sandvik, Leiv; Kåresen, Rolf & Ekeberg, Øivind (2010). Prognostic value of health-related quality-of-life parameters in early-stage breast cancer: an 8-year follow-up study. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. Aug 25. doi: 10.1002/pon.1822.
• Tøien, Kirsti; Myhren, Hilde; Bredal, Inger Schou; Skogstad, Laila; Sandvik, Leiv & Ekeberg, Øivind (2010). Psychological Distress After Severe Trauma: A Prospective 1-Year Follow-Up Study of a Trauma Intensive Care Unit Population. Journal of Trauma. ISSN 0022-5282. 69(6), p. 1552–1559. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e125f3.
• Bredal, Inger Schou (2010). The Norwegian version of the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale: factor structure and psychometric properties. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. 19(2), p. 216–221. doi: 10.1002/pon.1564.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Ekeberg, Øivind; Kåresen, Rolf & Sørensen, Elin (2007). Psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care-who participates and does it help? Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. doi: 10.1002/pon.1264. Show summary

  Women who participated in the hospital psychosocial support groups following breast cancer surgery were compared with non-participants. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the EORTC quality of life questionnaire were used to measure emotional distress and quality of life at the time of diagnosis and after 12 months. The General Life Orientation Test-Revised was used to measure dispositional optimism. Of 165 women, 87% reported that they had been invited to participate, and 66% participated. The salient predictor for participating in support group was optimism (OR 0.89 CI: 95% 0.83-0.98, p=0.01). No significant difference was found between the prevalence of anxiety and depression caseness at the time of diagnosis, but after 12 months, the prevalence of anxiety caseness was significantly lower among the participants than that among the non-participants (19% vs 34%, p=0.04).In conclusion, psychosocial intervention as a component of routine breast cancer care appears to have a long-term clinical beneficial effect on anxiety. For depression and quality of life, the study is inconclusive. Self-selection may prevent patients at risk of adverse outcome to participate in support groups.

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• Nilsen, Liv; Bjøro, Karen L. Kautzman; Wego, Ellen & Bredal, Inger Schou (2010). Det sårbare mennesket. Hertervig Akademisk. ISBN 978-82-8216-127-5. 147 p.

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• Bredal, Inger Schou (2013). Dispositional Optimism and Fatigue in Breast Cancer Survivors. Psycho-Oncology. ISSN 1057-9249. 22, p. 336–337.
• Bredal, Inger Schou; Kåresen, Rolf; Skaane, Per; Engelstad, Kari & Ekeberg, Øivind (2012). Recall Mammography and Psychological Distress. European Journal of Cancer. ISSN 0959-8049. 48, p. S80–S80.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Bredal, Inger Schou; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2012). Smerte hos døende pasienter innlagt i sykehus: En sammenlignende studie av de unge gamle og de eldste gamle pasientene i de tre siste levedager.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2012). A comparison of pain management the last three days of life of hospitalized adult and old cancer patients.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Bredal, Inger Schou; Anette Hylen, Ranhoff; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2012). Pain management in dying hospitalized patients: A comparison of the young old and the oldest old patients.
• Steindal, Simen Alexander; Ranhoff, Anette Hylen; Bredal, Inger Schou; Sørbye, Liv Wergeland & Lerdal, Anners (2012). A comparison of pain management the last three days of life of hospitalized adult and old cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 20, p. 168–168.
• Gullien, Randi; Strømme, Hilde; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Rostad, Eline & Bredal, Inger Schou (2009). How a model for Evidence Based Practice (EBP) developed for nursing can be transferred to the field of radiography. European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 19, p. 502–502.
• Gullien, Randi; Rostad, Eline; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Bredal, Inger Schou & Strømme, Hilde (2009). Are there improvements in PGMI results after implementations of different improvement initiatives? Follow-up project (ECR 2008). European Radiology. ISSN 0938-7994. 19, p. 292–292.
• Gullien, Randi; Rostad, Eline; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Strømme, Hilde & Bredal, Inger Schou (2009). Quality improvement of mammograms is a challenge. A quality project at Breast Imaging Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal.
• Gullien, Randi; Strømme, Hilde; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Rostad, Eline & Bredal, Inger Schou (2009). Using an interdisiplinary model for Evidence Based Practice (EBP) to improve the quality of mammograms at Breast Imaging Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal.
• Gullien, Randi; Strømme, Hilde; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Rostad, Eline & Bredal, Inger Schou (2009). How a model for evidence based practice is used in radiography in breast diagnostic centre at Ullevaal University Hospital.
• Gullien, Randi; Rostad, Eline; Haakull, Anne Emilie; Andersen, Jack Gunnar; Bredal, Inger Schou & Strømme, Hilde (2009). Are there improvement in PGMI results after implementations of different improvement initiatives? Follow-up project (ECR 2008).
• Strømme, Hilde; Bjøro, Karen; Bredal, Inger Schou & Borgen, Karin (2009). We couldn’t have done it without the librarians!: evidence based practice at a large Norwegian University Hospital.
• Strømme, Hilde; Bredal, Inger Schou & Bjøro, Karen (2007). The Medical Library's Role in Supporting Evidence Based Practice.
• Strømme, Hilde; Bredal, Inger Schou; Bjøro, Karen & Underdal, Hege (2007). The Ullevaal Model for Evidence Based Practice in Nursing: the Library’s Role.
• Strømme, Hilde; Bredal, Inger Schou & Bjøro, Karen (2006). The Ullevaal Model for Evidence Based Practice. Journal of the European Association for Health Information and Libraries (JEAHIL). ISSN 1841-0715. 2(3), p. 39–41.

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