Einar Eftestøl

Senior Lecturer - Division of Physiology

Norwegian version of this page

Email einar.eftestol@ibv.uio.no

Mobile phone +47 92210058

Room 2617

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Visiting address Sognsvannsveien 9 Domus Medica 0372 Oslo

Postal address Postboks 1103 Blindern 0317 Oslo

Other affiliations Institutt for pedagogikk (Student) Section for Physiology and Cell Biology

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Academic Interests

I study cellular and molecular mechanisms for skeletal muscle growth (hypertrophy). In my PhD-project i found the importance of mechanical stimuli (load) in skeletal muscle hypertrophy by using a rat model for strength training. I also studied the importance of and mechanisms behind muscle memory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_memory_(strength_training)) by using a mouse model for strength training.

In my work as a postdoc at UiO I am continuing the work of finding the underlying mechanisms of how mechanical stimuli can lead to hypertrophy. I am also involved in a collaboration where we are studying whether muscle memory also takes place in humans.

Teaching

FRM1040 - Foundation biology for pharmacists

FRM1050 - Drugs and How They Work Part I

Higher education and employment history

Bachelor in Molecular Bioscience, UIO 2007.

Master of Science in Physiology, UIO 2009.

PhD in Physiology, UiO 2015.

Tags: Skeletal muscle physiology, muscle growth, hypertrophy, muscle memory, mechanical stimuli

Hansson, Kenth-Arne & Eftestøl, Einar (2023). Scaling of nuclear numbers and their spatial arrangement in skeletal muscle cell size regulation. Molecular Biology of the Cell. ISSN 1059-1524. 34(8). doi: 10.1091/mbc.E22-09-0424. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Many cells display considerable functional plasticity and depend on the regulation of numerous organelles and macromolecules for their maintenance. In large cells, organelles also need to be carefully distributed to supply the cell with essential resources and regulate intracellular activities. Having multiple copies of the largest eukaryotic organelle, the nucleus, epitomizes the importance of scaling gene products to large cytoplasmic volumes in skeletal muscle fibers. Scaling of intracellular constituents within mammalian muscle fibers is, however, poorly understood, but according to the myonuclear domain hypothesis, a single nucleus supports a finite amount of cytoplasm and is thus postulated to act autonomously, causing the nuclear number to be commensurate with fiber volume. In addition, the orderly peripheral distribution of myonuclei is a hallmark of normal cell physiology, as nuclear mispositioning is associated with impaired muscle function. Because underlying structures of complex cell behaviors are commonly formalized by scaling laws and thus emphasize emerging principles of size regulation, the work presented herein offers more of a unified conceptual platform based on principles from physics, chemistry, geometry, and biology to explore cell size–dependent correlations of the largest mammalian cell by means of scaling.
Eftestøl, Einar; Ochi, Eisuke; Juvkam, Inga; Hansson, Kenth-Arne & Gundersen, Kristian (2022). A juvenile climbing exercise establishes a muscle memory boosting the effects of exercise in adult rats. Acta Physiologica. ISSN 1748-1708. 236(3). doi: 10.1111/apha.13879.
Melsom, Helene Støle; Heiestad, Christina Mathisen; Eftestøl, Einar; Torp, May-Kristin; Gundersen, Kristian & Bjørnebekk, Astrid [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Reduced arterial elasticity after anabolic–androgenic steroid use in young adult males and mice. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14065-5. Full text in Research Archive
Bengtsen, Mads; Winje, Ivan Myhre; Eftestøl, Einar; Landskron, Johannes; Sun, Chengyi & Nygård, Kamilla Børve [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Comparing the epigenetic landscape in myonuclei purified with a PCM1 antibody from a fast/glycolytic and a slow/oxidative muscle. PLoS Genetics. ISSN 1553-7390. 17:e1009907(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009907. Full text in Research Archive
Eftestøl, Einar; Ochi, Eisuke; Juvkam, Inga & Gundersen, Kristian (2021). A juvenile climbing exercise establishes a muscle memory boosting the effects of exercise in adult rats. bioRxiv. ISSN 2692-8205. p. 1–18. doi: 10.1101/2021.06.02.446793.
Eftestøl, Einar; Franchi, Martino V.; Kasper, Stephanie & Flück, Martin (2021). JNK activation in TA and EDL muscle is load-dependent in rats receiving identical excitation patterns. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11(1), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94930-x. Full text in Research Archive
Cramer, Alyssa A. W.; Prasad, Vikram; Eftestøl, Einar; Song, Taejeong; Hansson, Kenth-Arne & Dugdale, Hannah F. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Nuclear numbers in syncytial muscle fibers promote size but limit the development of larger myonuclear domains. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20058-7. Full text in Research Archive
Hansson, Kenth-Arne; Eftestøl, Einar; Bruusgaard, Jo C.; Juvkam, Inga; Cramer, Alyssa W. & Malthe-Sørenssen, Anders [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2020). Myonuclear content regulates cell size with similar scaling properties in mice and humans. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20057-8. Full text in Research Archive
Psilander, Niklas; Eftestøl, Einar; Cumming, Kristoffer Toldnes; Solgård, Inga Juvkam; Ekblom, Maria M. & Sunding, Kerstin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Effects of training, detraining, and retraining on strength, hypertrophy, and myonuclear number in human skeletal muscle. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 126(6), p. 1636–1645. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00917.2018. Full text in Research Archive Show summary
Previously trained mouse muscles acquire strength and volume faster than naïve muscles; it has been suggested that this is related to increased myonuclear density. The present study aimed to determine whether a previously strength-trained leg (mem-leg) would respond better to a period of strength training than a previously untrained leg (con-leg). Nine men and 10 women performed unilateral strength training (T1) for 10 wk, followed by 20 wk of detraining (DT) and a 5-wk bilateral retraining period (T2). Muscle biopsies were taken before and after each training period and analyzed for myonuclear number, fiber volume, and cross-sectional area (CSA). Ultrasound and one repetition of maximum leg extension were performed to determine muscle thickness (MT) and strength. CSA (~17%), MT (~10%), and strength (~20%) increased during T1 in the mem-leg. However, the myonuclear number and fiber volume did not change. MT and CSA returned to baseline values during DT, but strength remained elevated (~60%), supporting previous findings of a long-lasting motor learning effect. MT and strength increased similarly in the mem-leg and con-leg during T2, whereas CSA, fiber volume, and myonuclear number remained unaffected. In conclusion, training response during T2 did not differ between the mem-leg and con-leg. However, this does not discount the existence of human muscle memory, since no increase in the number of myonuclei was detected during T1 and no clear detraining effect was observed for cell size during DT; thus, the present data did not allow for a rigorous test of the muscle memory hypothesis.
Gundersen, Kristian; Bruusgaard, Jo C.; Egner, Ingrid Marie; Eftestøl, Einar & Bengtsen, Mads (2018). Muscle memory: virtues of your youth? Journal of Physiology. ISSN 0022-3751. 596(18), p. 4289–4290. doi: 10.1113/JP276354.
Winje, Ivan; Bengtsen, Mads; Eftestøl, Einar; Juvkam, Inga; Bruusgaard, Jo C. & Gundersen, Kristian (2018). Specific labelling of myonuclei by an antibody against pericentriolar material 1 on skeletal muscle tissue sections. Acta Physiologica. ISSN 1748-1708. 223(4), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/apha.13034. Full text in Research Archive
Eftestøl, Einar; Egner, Ingrid Marie; Lunde, Ida Gjervold; Ellefsen, Stian; Andersen, Tom & Sjåland, Cecilie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Increased hypertrophic response with increased mechanical load in skeletal muscles receiving identical activity patterns. American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology. ISSN 0363-6143. 311(4), p. C616–C629. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00016.2016.
Kong, Xiang Yi; Feng, Yuan Zeng; Eftestøl, Einar; Kase, Eili Tranheim; Haugum, Hanne & Eskild, Winnie [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2016). Increased glucose utilization and decreased fatty acid metabolism in myotubes from Glmpgt/gt mice. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry. ISSN 1381-3455. 122(1), p. 36–45. doi: 10.3109/13813455.2015.1120752.
Eftestøl, Einar; Alver, Tine Norman; Gundersen, Kristian & Bruusgaard, Jo C. (2014). Overexpression of SMPX in adult skeletal muscle does not change skeletal muscle fiber type or size. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 9(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099232. Full text in Research Archive
Egner, Ingrid Marie; Bruusgaard, Jo C.; Eftestøl, Einar & Gundersen, Kristian (2013). A cellular memory mechanism aids overload hypertrophy in muscle long after an episodic exposure to anabolic steroids. Journal of Physiology. ISSN 0022-3751. 591(24), p. 6221–6230. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.264457.

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Dyhre, Benjamin; Bengtsen, Mads; Nygård, Kamilla Børve; Millay, Douglas P. & Eftestøl, Einar (2021). How does a reduced myonuclear number affect epigenetic regulation of muscle function?
Eftestøl, Einar & Bruusgaard, Jo C. (2021). Long-lasting cellular imprinting. Performance hacking towards the Olympics? Physiology News. 1222, p. 34–36.
Eftestøl, Einar (2020). Excitation and tension development—The Yin & Yang of muscle signalling. Acta Physiologica. ISSN 1748-1708. 231(2). doi: 10.1111/apha.13575.
Bengtsen, Mads; Winje, Ivan; Eftestøl, Einar; Domanska, Diana Ewa; Landskron, Johannes & Gundersen, Kristian (2019). The Epigenetic landscape of two phenotypic extreme skeletal muscles - soleus and EDL. Acta Physiologica. ISSN 1748-1708. doi: 10.1111/apha.13414.
Eftestøl, Einar; Psilander, Niklas; Cumming, Kristoffer Toldnes; Juvkam, Inga; Ekblom, Maria M. & Sunding, Kerstin [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Muscle memory: Are myonuclei ever lost? Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 128(2), p. 456–457. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00761.2019.
Eftestøl, Einar; Egner, Ingrid Marie; Ellefsen, Stian; Andersen, Tom; Gundersen, Kristian & Bruusgaard, Jo C. (2016). The importance of mechanosensation in skeletal muscle hypertrophy.
Egner, Ingrid Marie; Bruusgaard, Jo C.; Eftestøl, Einar & Gundersen, Kristian (2012). Effects of anabolic steroid on nuclear number and muscle mass.
Eftestøl, Einar; Bruusgaard, Jo C. & Gundersen, Kristian (2012). The contraction duration is not important for hypertrophy in strength trained rats.
Gundersen, Kristian; Eftestøl, Einar; Egner, Ingrid Marie & Bruusgaard, Jo C. (2011). The effect of testosterone propionate on overloaded skeletal muscle.
Hansen, Einar Eftestøl Holm; Bruusgaard, Jo C. & Gundersen, Kristian (2009). What is the role of SMPX in skeletal muscle? Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. ISSN 0142-4319. 129(1).
Eftestøl, Einar (2015). The role of mechanical stimuli and myonuclei in skeletal muscle hypertrophy. AIT Oslo AS. ISSN 1501-7710.

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Published Aug. 17, 2023 2:14 PM - Last modified Aug. 17, 2023 2:16 PM