Elisabeth Gulowsen Celius

• Cortese, Rosa; Battaglini, Marco; Prados, Ferran; Gentile, Giordano; Luchetti, Ludovico & Bianchi, Alessia [Show all 47 contributors for this article] (2024). Grey Matter Atrophy and its Relationship with White Matter Lesions in Patients with Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-associated Disease, Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder, and Multiple Sclerosis. Annals of Neurology. ISSN 0364-5134. doi: 10.1002/ana.26951.
• Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Klyve, Thomas Dahl; Gonzalez Sanchez, Victor Evaristo; Seeberg, Trine Margrethe & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). The instrumented single leg stance test detects early balance impairment in people with multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 14. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1227374. Full text in Research Archive
• Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Ravussin, Anthony; König, Marton; Øverås, Mathias Herstad; Solum, Guri & Kjønstad, Ingrid Fadum [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2023). T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination differ by disease-modifying therapy for multiple sclerosis. JCI Insight. ISSN 2379-3708. 8(12), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.165111. Full text in Research Archive
• Broch, Line; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Ormstad, Heidi & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). “No association between disease modifying treatment and fatigue in multiple sclerosis”. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 79. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104993. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Fatigue affects 60-90% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It reduces quality of life and the ability to work. The cause of fatigue in MS remains unknown. Several disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) slow the disease process in relapsing MS by suppressing neuroinflammation. We aimed to investigate if treatment with a DMT is associated with lower rates of fatigue. Methods: In this cross-sectional study of the MS population in three counties in Norway, we used the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess patient-reported fatigue, anxiety and depression. Clinical data were retrieved from the electronic patient record system. We categorized DMTs as high-efficacy therapy or moderate-efficacy therapy. High-efficacy drugs included fingolimod, natalizumab, ocrelizumab, rituximab, alemtuzumab, daclizumab, and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Moderate-efficacy drugs included interferons, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide. We included persons with relapsing MS only. Results: Of 1142 patients, 80% had fatigue. Fifty-six percent of the patients were on DMTs (25% on moderate-efficacy treatment and 30% on high-efficacy treatment), 18% had discontinued treatment and 26% had never received any DMT. Sex, level of disability as measured by the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, anxiety and depression were independently associated with fatigue. Moderate-efficacy treatment was associated with less fatigue, but not after adjustment for other variables. There was no association between high-efficacy treatment and fatigue. Conclusion: We found no independent relationship between the use of disease-modifying treatment and fatigue in MS.

• Harroud, Adil; Stridh, Pernilla; McCauley, Jacob L.; Saarela, Janna Saija; van den Bosch, Aletta M. R. & Engelenburg, Hendrik J. [Show all 120 contributors for this article] (2023). Locus for severity implicates CNS resilience in progression of multiple sclerosis. Nature. ISSN 0028-0836. 619(7969), p. 323–331. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06250-x.
• Cortese, Rosa; Battagili, Marco; Prados, Ferran; Boanchi, Alessia; Haider, Lukas & Jacob, Anu [Show all 47 contributors for this article] (2022). Clinical and MRI measures to identify non-acute MOG-antibody disease in adults. Brain. ISSN 0006-8950. 146(6), p. 2489–2501. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac480. Full text in Research Archive
• Grytten, Nina ; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Benjaminsen, Espen; Midgard, Rune & Vatne, Anita [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Cancer related mortality in multiple sclerosis. A population based cohort study . Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 69, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104417. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Cancer is a major cause of death, but how cancer influences mortality risk in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is unclear. Objectives Determine all-cause mortality and mortality following a cancer diagnosis among MS patients compared with matched population controls. Methods Norwegian MS patients born 1930 - 1979 (n= 6950) followed-up 1953 – 2016, were matched with 37 922 controls. We compared incident cancer diagnosis from the Cancer Registry of Norway, date of death from the Cause of Death Registry, education from the National Education Database, by multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. Results Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-cause mortality among MS patients was 4.97 (4.64 – 5.33), and 2.61 (2.29 – 2.98) for mortality following a cancer diagnosis. Mortality in MS was highest following urinary- (2.53: 1.55 – 4.14), colorectal- (2.14: 1.47 – 3.11), hematological- (1.76: 1.08 – 2.88), ovarian - 2.30 (1.73-3.06) and breast cancer diagnosis (2.61: 1.85 – 3.68), compared to controls. High education was inversely associated with mortality among MS patients. Conclusions All-cause mortality was five- fold and mortality following a cancer diagnosis was two- fold increased among MS patients. Mortality following specific cancers raises the possibility of diagnostic neglect.

• Oreja-Guevara, Celia; Brownlee, Wallace; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Centonze, Diego; Giovannoni, G. & Hodgkinson, Suzanne [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Expert opinion on the long term use of cladribine tablets for multiple sclerosis: Systematic literature review of real Word evidence. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 69(104459), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104459. Full text in Research Archive
• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Broch, Line; Brekke, Kamilla; Brunborg, Cathrine & Berg-Hansen, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Rebaseline no evidence of disease activity (NEDA-3) as a predictor of long-term disease course in a Norwegian multiple sclerosis population. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 13, p. 1–10. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1034056. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: No evidence of disease activity with three components (NEDA-3) is achieved if the person with MS (pwMS) has no new MRI lesions, no new relapses and no change in Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) over 1 year. Whether NEDA-3 is a good tool in measuring disease activity is up for discussion, but it is superior to the individual parameters separately and user-friendly. There is disagreement on whether NEDA-3 is a good predictor of long-term disability. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study using real-world data with limited selection bias from the complete MS population at two hospitals in the southeast of Norway. We included pwMS diagnosed between 2006 and 2017 who had enough information to determine time to failure of NEDA-3 after diagnosis. Results: Of 536 pwMS, only 38% achieved NEDA 1 year after diagnosis. PwMS achieving NEDA were more likely to be started on a high efficacy drug as the initial drug, but there were no demographic differences. Mean time to NEDA failure was 3.3 (95% CI 2.9-3.7) years. Starting a high efficiacy therapy was associated with an increased risk of sustaining NEDA as compared to those receiving moderate efficacy therapy. PwMS who achieved NEDA at year one had a mean time to EDSS 6 of 33.8 (95% CI 30.9-36.8) years vs. 30.8 (95% CI 25.0-36.6) years in pwMS who did not achieve NEDA, p

• Eid, Karine; Torkildsen, Øivind; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Cortese, Marianna & Holmøy, Trygve [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Abuse and revictimization in adulthood in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study during pregnancy. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. 269, p. 5901–5909. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-11249-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Nes, Dragana; Berg-Hansen, Pål; de Rodez Benavent, Sigrid Aune; Høgestøl, Einar August; Beyer, Mona K. & Rinker, Daniel Allen [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). Exploring Retinal Blood Vessel Diameters as Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. ISSN 2077-0383. 11(11). doi: 10.3390/jcm11113109. Full text in Research Archive
• Broch, Line; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Ormstad, Heidi & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Fatigue in multiple sclerosis is associated with socioeconomic factors. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 64, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103955. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Fatigue is one of the leading causes of reduced quality of life and inability to work in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Currently, no treatment effectively ameliorates fatigue. We still know little about what causes fatigue and which factors may contribute to fatigue. Knowledge about socioeconomic factors’ role in fatigue might help us recognize strategies for the management of fatigue. Our aim was to explore whether socioeconomic factors are associated with the presence or level of perceived fatigue. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of the MS population in three Norwegian counties. We used the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions to assess self-reported fatigue, and obtained socioeconomic data from Statistics Norway and questionnaires. To assess self-reported anxiety and depression, we employed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Clinical data were gathered from the hospital record system. Results: The response rate was 64% (1599/2512). Seventy percent of the respondents were female, and the mean age was 52 years. Higher levels of education were associated with lower levels of fatigue. Receiving a disability pension, being divorced and having children were all factors associated with higher levels of fatigue, as were low parental education, low income, current smoking, and autoimmune comorbidities. We found a higher prevalence of anxiety and depression in pwMS with fatigue compared to those without fatigue Conclusion: Female sex, high level of disability, anxiety, depression and socioeconomic factors were independently associated with fatigue in contemporary patients with MS. These factors should be considered when devising management strategies.

• Eid, Karine; Torkildsen, Øivind; Aarseth, Jan Harald; Aalstad, Mari; Bhan, Alok & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Association of adverse childhood experiences with the development of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. ISSN 0022-3050. 93(6), p. 645–650. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328700. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To study whether exposure to childhood emotional, sexual or physical abuse is associated with subsequent multiple sclerosis (MS) development. Methods: A nationwide, prospective cohort study based on participants in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child cohort study. Enrolment took place 1999-2008, with follow-up until 31 December 2018. Childhood abuse before age 18 years was obtained from self-completed questionnaires. We identified MS diagnoses through data-linkage with national health registries and hospital records. The Cox model was used to estimate HRs for MS with 95% CIs, adjusting for confounders and mediators. Results: In this prospective cohort study, 14 477 women were exposed to childhood abuse and 63 520 were unexposed. 300 women developed MS during the follow-up period. 71 of these (24%) reported a history of childhood abuse, compared with 14 406 of 77 697 (19%) women that did not develop MS. Sexual abuse (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.39) and emotional abuse (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.90) in childhood were both associated with an increased risk of developing MS. The HR of MS after exposure to physical abuse was 1.31 (95% CI 0.83 to 2.06). The risk of MS was further increased if exposed to two (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.67) or all three abuse categories (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.67). Interpretation: Childhood sexual and emotional abuse were associated with an increased risk of developing MS. The risk was higher when exposed to several abuse categories, indicating a dose-response relationship. Further studies are needed to identify underlying mechanisms. Keywords: multiple sclerosis; trauma, psychol seque. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

• Leonardsen, Esten Høyland; Peng, Han; Kaufmann, Tobias; Agartz, Ingrid; Andreassen, Ole & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Deep neural networks learn general and clinically relevant representations of the ageing brain. NeuroImage. ISSN 1053-8119. 256. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119210. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The discrepancy between chronological age and the apparent age of the brain based on neuroimaging data — the brain age delta — has emerged as a reliable marker of brain health. With an increasing wealth of data, approaches to tackle heterogeneity in data acquisition are vital. To this end, we compiled raw structural magnetic resonance images into one of the largest and most diverse datasets assembled (n=53542), and trained convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict age. We achieved state-of-the-art performance on unseen data from unknown scanners (n=2553), and showed that higher brain age delta is associated with diabetes, alcohol intake and smoking. Using transfer learning, the intermediate representations learned by our model complemented and partly outperformed brain age delta in predicting common brain disorders. Our work shows we can achieve generalizable and biologically plausible brain age predictions using CNNs trained on heterogeneous datasets, and transfer them to clinical use cases.

• Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Broch, Line; Brunborg, Cathrine; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). The influence of socioeconomic factors on access to disease modifying treatment in a Norwegian multiple sclerosis cohort. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 61, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103759. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Several studies report an impact of socioeconomic factors on access to disease modifying treatment (DMT) in multiple sclerosis (MS), with a trend of less access to more deprived persons. We investigated the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on access to treatment in a well-defined Norwegian MS cohort. Methods: This is a study of a population-based Norwegian MS cohort. We collected detailed information on disease development, progression, and DMT administered. Socioeconomic data was obtained from Statistics Norway and a questionnaire. Results: We included 1314 persons with relapsing remitting MS at the prevalence date 01/01/2018. The population ever treated with DMTs is younger at onset, has shorter time from onset to diagnosis and lower expanded disability status score (EDSS) at diagnosis. The persons with MS (pwMS) with the highest levels of education, and those who are married are more likely to be ever treated with DMT. In the subgroup treated with a high efficacy DMT as a first drug, the pwMS are younger at prevalence date (39.9 years (SD 12.1)) compared with those who are not treated with a high efficacy DMT as first drug (43.8 years (SD 10.3)). The subgroup treated with a high efficacy DMT as a first drug has a 0.5 point higher EDSS at diagnosis compared to those not treated with a high efficacy DMT as a first drug. The level of education, household income and marital status are inversely related to access to high efficacy DMT as a first drug. None of the above differences persist when analyzing the subgroup diagnosed within the last six years (2012-2017). Conclusions: Since 2012, the pwMS in this Norwegian cohort are treated equally with DMT in terms of different measures of socioeconomic position.

• Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Austeng, Andreas; Gonzalez, Victor; Klyve, Thomas Dahl & Negård, Henrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Sensor-based gait analyses of the six-minute walk test identify qualitative improvement in gait parameters of people with multiple sclerosis after rehabilitation. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. 269, p. 3723–3734. doi: 10.1007/s00415-022-10998-z. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The aim of this work was to determine whether wearable inertial measurement units (IMUs) could detect gait improvements across different disability groups of people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) by the six-minute walk test (6MWT) during a rehabilitation stay in a specialized rehabilitation center. Forty-six pwMS and 20 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. They performed the 6MWT with two inertial measurement units (IMUs) placed on the feet. Thirty-two of the pwMS were retested at the end of the stay. PwMS were divided in a mild-disability and a moderate-disability group. The 6MWT was divided in six sections of 1 min each for technical analysis, and linear mixed models were used for statistical analyses. The comparison between the two disability groups and HC highlighted significant differences for each gait parameter (all p 

• Saposnik, Gustavo; Andhavarapu, Sanketh; Fernández, Oscar; Kim, Ho Jin; Wiendl, Heinz & Foss, Mona [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2021). Effect of desire for pregnancy on decisions to escalate treatment in multiple sclerosis care: Differences between MS specialists and non-MS specialists. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103389.
• Saposnik, Gustavo; Andhavarapu, Sanketh; Fernández, Oscar; Kim, Ho Jin; Wiendl, Heinz & Foss, Mona [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2021). Factors associated with treatment escalation among MS specialists and general neurologists: Results from an International cojoint study. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103404.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Husby, Henrik; Sørensen, Ingvild M. & Norheim, Ingrid (2021). Management of Severe Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy Following Immune Reconstitution Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 5(6). doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab044. Full text in Research Archive
• König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Torgauten, Hilde Marie; Tran, Trung; Schikora-Rustad, Stine & Vaage, Eline Benno [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2021). Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in multiple sclerosis: the relevance of time since last rituximab infusion and first experience from sporadic revaccinations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. ISSN 0022-3050. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-327612. Full text in Research Archive
• Grytten, Nina ; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Benjaminsen, Espen; Kampman, Margitta & Midgard, Rune [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2021). Incidence of cancer in multiple sclerosis before and after the treatment era– a registry- based cohort study. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 55:103209, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103209. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Whether disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) influence cancer in multiple sclerosis (MS) is uncertain. Objectives: Assess incidence of cancer diagnosis among Norwegian MS patients compared to the general population in 1953 to 1995 and 1996 to 2017-reflecting era before and after introduction of DMTs. Methods: We performed a nationwide cohort study comprising 6949 MS patients and 37,922 controls, matched on age, sex and county. The cohort was linked to Norwegian Cancer Registry, Cause of Death Registry and National Educational database. We used Poisson regression to calculate incidence rate ratio (IRR) of cancer. Results: During 1953–1995 MS patients had similar cancer frequency compared to controls (IRR: 1.11 (95% Confidence Intervals (CI): 0.90–1.37)), although MS patients had increased frequency of cancer in endocrine glands (IRR: 2.51 (1.27–4.93). During 1996–2017 we identified significant increased frequency of cancer among MS patients compared to controls (IRR: 1.38 (95% CI: 1.28–1.52): in brain (IRR: 1.97 (1.41–2.78)), meninges (IRR: 2.44 (1.54–3.77)), respiratory organs (IRR: 1.96 (1.49–2.63)). The excess cancer diagnosis was most frequent among MS patients ≥ 60 years of age (HR 1.30 (1.15–1.47)). Conclusion: Incidence of cancer among MS patients compared to controls was higher in 1996 to 2017, corresponding in time to the introduction of DMT for MS. This was observed more frequently among MS patients older than 60 years of age.

• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Broch, Line; Brunborg, Cathrine; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Early High Efficacy Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis Is the Best Predictor of Future Disease Activity Over 1 and 2 Years in a Norwegian Population-Based Registry. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 12, p. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.693017. Show summary

  Background: Moderate and high efficacy disease modifying therapies (DMTs) have a profound effect on disease activity. The current treatment guidelines only recommend high efficacy DMTs for patients with highly active MS. The objective was to examine the impact of initial treatment choice in achieving no evidence of disease activity (NEDA) at year 1 and 2. Methods: Using a real-world population-based registry with limited selection bias from the southeast of Norway, we determined how many patients achieved NEDA on moderate and high efficacy DMTs. Results: 68.0% of patients who started a high efficacy DMT as the first drug achieved NEDA at year 1 and 52.4% at year 2 as compared to 36.0 and 19.4% of patients who started a moderate efficacy DMT as a first drug. The odds ratio (OR) of achieving NEDA on high efficacy drugs compared to moderate efficacy drugs as a first drug at year 1 was 3.9 (95% CI 2.4-6.1, p

• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Broch, Line; Brunborg, Cathrine; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). No significant differences in absenteeism or academic achievements in a Norwegian multiple sclerosis case control study. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103141. Show summary

  Background: The duration and features of the multiple sclerosis (MS) prodrome are not well defined. We aimed to ascertain whether people with a future MS diagnosis have more days of absence and perform worse in upper secondary school than age, gender and county-matched controls. Methods: Using registry data from the southeast of Norway, we identified people with MS born ≥1978. Statistics Norway provided information on grades and days of absence in cases and matched controls. We looked at absence in the three years of upper secondary school and grades in the compulsory subjects Norwegian, English, mathematics and physical education. Results: We identified 107 cases with disease onset one year or more after graduation and 626 controls. There were no significant differences in absence or grades achieved in the population as a whole or in those with disease onset within four years of diagnosis, and no association between time to disease onset and days of absence or grades. Conclusion: There was no difference in days of absence or grades achieved in upper secondary school in the four years leading up to disease onset in cases compared to controls. A potential prodrome may not affect cognition enough to impact school achievements.

• Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Broch, Line; Brunborg, Cathrine; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Maternal education has significant influence on progression in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 53, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103052. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The identification of potential risk factors for disease severity is of great importance in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The influence of socioeconomic status on progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) is sparsely investigated. Our aim was to investigate how socioeconomic status in adolescence influences disease progression in later life. Methods: A total of 1598 patients with multiple sclerosis from a well-defined population in Norway were included. Detailed information on disease progression, measured by expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and multiple sclerosis severity score (MSSS), were combined with data on socioeconomic factors. We used residency and parental level of education at patients' age 16 and exposure to second-hand smoking as a measure of socioeconomic status in adolescence, adjusting for the same variables as well as use of disease modifying treatments at prevalence date 01.01.18. Results: High maternal level of education at patients' age 16 was significantly associated with less pronounced disease progression measured by MSSS (β-coefficient -0.58, p = 0.015), younger age and lower EDSS at disease onset, and shorter time from onset to diagnosis. No significant associations were found for paternal education level and MSSS. The use of any disease modifying treatment before prevalence date was significantly associated with disease progression (β-coefficient -0.49, p=0.004), while residence, current and second-hand smoking were not. Conclusion: This study on a population-based, real-world cohort shows that the parental level of education has a significant impact on a timely diagnosis of MS. In addition to disease modifying treatment, maternal level of education also had an impact on disease progression in later life.

• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Thompson, Heidi; Pontaga, Maija; Langdon, Dawn; Laroni, Alice & Potra, Stanca [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Literature Review Exploring Patient Perspectives. Patient Preference and Adherence. ISSN 1177-889X. 15, p. 15–27. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S268829. Full text in Research Archive
• Broch, Line; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Skardhamar, Åshild & Ormstad, Heidi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). High prevalence of fatigue in contemporary patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 7(1). doi: 10.1177/2055217321999826. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS)-related fatigue may have changed due to new diagnostic criteria and new disease modifying drugs. We aimed to assess the prevalence of fatigue in a contemporary MS cohort, and to explore associations between fatigue and clinical and demographic factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study of the MS population in three Norwegian counties. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC). We also assessed self-reported anxiety, depression and daytime sleepiness. Results: The response rate was 64% (1599/2512). The mean age of the participants was 52 ± 13 years, median EDSS was 2.5 (IQR 1.5-3.0) and median disease duration from onset was 16 years (IQR 8-25). We found a prevalence of fatigue of 81%. Women had a higher prevalence of fatigue than men (83% vs 78%, p = 0.02). The prevalence increased with age (p < 0.001) and with increasing disease severity (p < 0.001), but in multivariate analyses, only sex and disease severity remained independent determinants of fatigue. Anxiety, depression, and daytime sleepiness were more prevalent in patients with fatigue than in those without fatigue (all p-values < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of fatigue is high in contemporary patients with MS. Fatigue is associated with female sex and level of disability, as well as with anxiety, depression and excessive daytime sleepiness.

• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2020). Normal antibody response after COVID-19 during treatment with cladribine. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 46(102476). doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102476.
• Sá, María José; Reis, Ricardo Soares dos; Altintas, Ayse; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Chien, Claudia & Comi, Giancarlo [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2020). State of the Art and Future Challenges in Multiple Sclerosis Research and Medical Management: An Insight into the 5th International Porto Congress of Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology and Therapy. ISSN 2193-8253. 9, p. 281–300. doi: 10.1007/s40120-020-00202-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Oh, Jiwon; Achiron, Anat; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Chambers, Christina; Derwenskus, Joy & Devonshire, Virginia [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2020). Pregnancy outcomes and postpartum relapse rates in women with RRMS treated with alemtuzumab in the phase 2 and 3 clinical development program over 16 years. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 43. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102146. Full text in Research Archive
• Bertolotto, Antonio; Arroyo, Rafael; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Comi, Giancarlo; Havrdova, Eva & Honeycutt, William David [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2020). Quality of Life Improves with Alemtuzumab Over 6 Years in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients with or without Autoimmune Thyroid Adverse Events: Post Hoc Analysis of the CARE-MS Studies. Neurology and Therapy. ISSN 2193-8253. 9(2), p. 443–457. doi: 10.1007/s40120-020-00191-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Brorson, Ina Skaara; Eriksson, Anna Maria; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Vitelli, Valeria; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen & Luders, Torben [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). CD8 + T cell gene expression analysis identifies differentially expressed genes between multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. doi: 10.1177/2055217320978511. Full text in Research Archive
• Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Bahrami, Shahram; van der Meer, Dennis; Agartz, Ingrid; Alnæs, Dag & Barch, Deanna M. [Show all 76 contributors for this article] (2020). The genetic architecture of human brainstem structures and their involvement in common brain disorders. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 11. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17376-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Brainstem regions support vital bodily functions, yet their genetic architectures and involvement in common brain disorders remain understudied. Here, using imaging-genetics data from a discovery sample of 27,034 individuals, we identify 45 brainstem-associated genetic loci, including the first linked to midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata volumes, and map them to 305 genes. In a replication sample of 7432 participants most of the loci show the same effect direction and are significant at a nominal threshold. We detect genetic overlap between brainstem volumes and eight psychiatric and neurological disorders. In additional clinical data from 5062 individuals with common brain disorders and 11,257 healthy controls, we observe differential volume alterations in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, multiple sclerosis, mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease, supporting the relevance of brainstem regions and their genetic architectures in common brain disorders.

• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Broch, Line; Brunborg, Cathrine; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). The course of multiple sclerosis rewritten: a Norwegian population-based study on disease demographics and progression. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-10279-7. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: Over the past few decades, there has been an improvement in the rate of disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and most studies relate this evolvement to the introduction of disease-modifying therapies. However, several other factors have changed over this period, including access to MRI and newer diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the natural course of MS over time in a near-complete and geographically well-defined population from the south-east of Norway. Methods: We examined disease progression and demographics over two decades and assessed the effect of disease-modifying therapies using linear mixed-effect models. Results: In a cohort of 2097 patients, we found a significant improvement in disability as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) stratified by age, and the improvement remained significant after adjusting for time on disease-modifying medications, gender and progressive MS at onset. The time from disease onset to EDSS 6 in the total cohort was 29.8 years (95% CI 28.5-31.1) and was significantly longer in patients diagnosed after 2006 compared to patients diagnosed before. There are significant differences between patient demographics, as well as time to EDSS 6, in the near-complete, geographically well-defined population compared to an additional cohort from the capital Oslo and its suburbs. Conclusion: The natural course of MS is improving, but the improvement seen in disease progression has multifaceted explanations. Our study underlines the importance of completeness of data, relevant timeframes and demographics when comparing different MS populations. Studies on incomplete populations should be interpreted with caution.

• Ormstad, Heidi; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Broch, Line; Maes, Dr Michael; Anderson, George & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2020). Chronic fatigue and depression due to multiple sclerosis: Immune-inflammatory pathways, tryptophan catabolites and the gut-brain axis as possible shared pathways. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 46, p. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102533. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Chronic fatigue and major depression (MDD)-like symptoms are common manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS), both with huge impact on quality of life. Depression can manifest itself as fatigue, and depressive symptoms are often mistaken for fatigue, and vice versa. The two conditions are sometimes difficult to differentiate, and their relationship is unclear. Whether chronic fatigue and depression occur primarily, secondarily or coincidentally with activated immune-inflammatory pathways in MS is still under debate. We have carried out a descriptive review aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between chronic fatigue and depression in MS, and the shared pathways that underpin both conditions. This review focuses on immune-inflammatory pathways, the kynurenine pathway and the gut-brain axis. It seems likely that proinflammatory cytokines, tryptophan catabolites (the KYN pathway) and the gut-brain axis are involved in the mechanisms causing chronic fatigue and MDD-like symptoms in MS. However, the evidence base is weak, and more research is needed. In order to advance our understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms, MS-related fatigue and depression should be examined using a longitudinal design and both immune-inflammatory and KYN pathway biomarkers should be measured, relevant clinical characteristics judiciously registered, and self-report instruments for both fatigue and depression should be used.

• Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Kersten, Hege & Heldal, Kristian [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in rural and urban districts in Telemark county, Norway. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 45. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102352. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To explore the trends in prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Telemark, Norway (latitude 58.7-60.3˚N), over the past two decades, with focus on differences between rural and urban areas. Methods: Data from all patients with a confirmed diagnosis of MS in Telemark since 1993 were prospectively recorded and collected in a retrospective chart review. Prevalence estimates on January 1st 1999, 2009 and 2019, and incidence rates at five-year intervals between 1999 and 2018 were calculated and all results were adjusted to the European Standard Population. The study population was divided into urban and rural residency using a Norwegian governmental index. Results: We registered 579 patients with MS in Telemark between 1999 and 2019. The adjusted prevalence estimates for January 1st 1999, 2009 and 2019 were 105.8/105, 177.1/105 and 260.6/105, respectively. In 2019, the prevalence estimates were 250.4/105 in urban and 316.2 /105 in rural areas. Between 1999 and 2018, the yearly incidence increased from 8.4/105 to 14.4/105. Conclusions: The prevalence of MS in Telemark is among the highest ever reported in Norway, consistent with an increasing incidence in the county over the past twenty years. The even higher prevalence in the rural areas is unlikely to be explained by possible risk factors like latitude, exposure to sunlight and diet. Further studies on differences between urban and rural areas are required to reveal possible new risk factors.

• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Lauritzen, Trine; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2020). The diagnostic value of IgG index versus oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 6(1). doi: 10.1177/2055217319901291. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis have been developed to guide the diagnostic process. In the latest revision of the McDonald criteria, the presence of oligoclonal bands may replace the need for dissemination in time. The aim of this study is to investigate if the less time-consuming analysis of immunoglobulin G index in cerebrospinal fluid can safely predict the findings of oligoclonal bands. This is a retrospective study of patients with multiple sclerosis at three hospitals in South-East Norway where lumbar puncture is performed routinely. We included patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis after 2005 with known oligoclonal band status and an immunoglobulin G index score. Of 1295 patients diagnosed during or after 2005, 93.8% were oligoclonal band positive at diagnosis. Of 842 multiple sclerosis patients with known immunoglobulin G index and oligoclonal band status, 93.3% were oligoclonal band positive and 76.7% had an elevated immunoglobulin G index. The positive predictive value of a high immunoglobulin G index when oligoclonal bands are positive was 99.4% (95% confidence interval 98.4-99.8%). The negative predictive value of a normal immunoglobulin G index when oligoclonal bands are negative was 26.5% (95% confidence interval 23.5-29.9%). An immunoglobulin G index >0.7 has a positive predictive value >99% for oligoclonal bands. An elevated immunoglobulin G index adds diagnostic value versus oligoclonal bands and saves time in the diagnostic process.

• Rhead, Brooke; Brorson, Ina Skaara; Berge, Tone; Adams, Cameron; Quach, H. & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2019). Increased DNA methylation of SLFN12 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from multiple sclerosis patients. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206511.
• Brorson, Ina Skaara; Eriksson, Anna Maria; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Barcellos, Lisa F [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). No differential gene expression for CD4+ T cells of MS patients and healthy controls. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 5(2). doi: 10.1177/2055217319856903.
• Barclay, Kate; Carruthers, R; Traboulsee, A; Bass, AD; LaGanke, C & Bertolotto, Antonio [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2019). Best practices for long-term monitoring and follow-up of alemtuzumab-treated MS patients in real-world clinical settings. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 10. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00253. Full text in Research Archive
• Madireddy, Lohith; Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.; Cotsapas, Chris; Bos, Steffan Daniel; Beecham, Ashley & McCauley, Jacob [Show all 64 contributors for this article] (2019). A systems biology approach uncovers cell-specific gene regulatory effects of genetic associations in multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 10:2236, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09773-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsrud, Ragnhild; Røhne, Mette; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Moen, Stine Marit & Strisland, Frode (2019). Application of Patient Journey Methodology to Explore Needs for Digital Support A Multiple Sclerosis Case Study. In Granja, Conceição & Solvoll, Terje (Ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Scandinavian Conference on Health Informatics 2019. Linköping University Electronic Press. ISSN 978-91-7929-957-6. p. 148–153. Show summary

  Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with a highly variable course, and patients face a large number of health professionals during treatment and follow-up. We introduce a methodology for detailed analysis and visualisation of patient journeys. The purpose was to gain insight into MS-patients' needs, experiences, and desires. A case study with three patients over a period of 4-6 weeks revealed how they interact with health professionals in managing their disease. We have identified several areas where digital tools may improve the patients' quality of life, and support health professionals in their follow-up and treatment of MS.

• Grytten, Nina ; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Benjaminsen, Espen; Kampman, Margitta Theodora & Midgard, Rune [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Risk of cancer among multiple sclerosis patients, siblings, and population controls: A prospective cohort study. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. 26(2), p. 1569–1580. doi: 10.1177/1352458519877244. Full text in Research Archive
• Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.; Baranzini, Sergio E.; Santaniello, Adam; Shoostari, Parisa; Cotsapas, Chris & Wong, Garrett [Show all 154 contributors for this article] (2019). Multiple sclerosis genomic map implicates peripheral immune cells and microglia in susceptibility. Science. ISSN 0036-8075. 365:eaav7188(6460), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1126/science.aav7188. Show summary

  We analyzed genetic data of 47,429 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 68,374 control subjects and established a reference map of the genetic architecture of MS that includes 200 autosomal susceptibility variants outside the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), one chromosome X variant, and 32 variants within the extended MHC. We used an ensemble of methods to prioritize 551 putative susceptibility genes that implicate multiple innate and adaptive pathways distributed across the cellular components of the immune system. Using expression profiles from purified human microglia, we observed enrichment for MS genes in these brain-resident immune cells, suggesting that these may have a role in targeting an autoimmune process to the central nervous system, although MS is most likely initially triggered by perturbation of peripheral immune responses

• Brorson, Ina Skaara; Eriksson, Anna; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Barcellos, Lisa F. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). No differential gene expression for CD4+ T cells of MS patients and healthy controls. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 5(2). doi: 10.1177/2055217319856903. Full text in Research Archive
• Kaufmann, Tobias; van der Meer, Dennis; Doan, Nhat Trung; Schwarz, Emanuel; Lund, Martina Jonette & Agartz, Ingrid [Show all 84 contributors for this article] (2019). Common brain disorders are associated with heritable patterns of apparent aging of the brain. Nature Neuroscience. ISSN 1097-6256. 22(10), p. 1617–1623. doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0471-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Benavent, Sigrid Aune de Rodez; Nygaard, Gro Owren; Nilsen, Kristian Bernhard; Etholm, Lars; Sowa, Piotr & Gustavsen, Marte Wendel [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2019). Neurodegenerative interplay of cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation and the retina in early multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 10, p. 1–9. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00507. Full text in Research Archive
• Mitrovic, Mitja; Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.; Beecham, Ashley H.; Dankowski, Theresa; Goris, An & Dubois, Benedicte [Show all 52 contributors for this article] (2018). Low-Frequency and Rare-Coding Variation Contributes to Multiple Sclerosis Risk. Cell. ISSN 0092-8674. 175(6), p. 1679–1687. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.049. Full text in Research Archive
• Hobart, Jeremy; Bowen, Amy; Pepper, George; Crofts, Harriet; Eberhard, Lucy & Berger, Thomas [Show all 27 contributors for this article] (2018). International consensus on quality standards for brain health-focused care in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1177/1352458518809326.
• Sowa, Piotr; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; White, Nathan S.; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Bartsch, Hauke & Berg-Hansen, Pål [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Restriction spectrum imaging of white matter and its relation to neurological disability in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. p. 1–12. doi: 10.1177/1352458518765671. Full text in Research Archive
• Rhead, Brooke; Brorson, Ina Skaara; Berge, Tone; Adams, Cameron; Quach, Hong & Moen, Stine Marit [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). Increased DNA methylation of SLFN12 in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from multiple sclerosis patients. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 13(10). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206511. Full text in Research Archive
• Kular, Lara; Liu, Yun; Ruhrmann, Sabrina; Zheleznyakova, Galina; Marabita, Francesco & Gomez-Cabrero, David [Show all 48 contributors for this article] (2018). DNA methylation as a mediator of HLA-DRB1 15:01 and a protective variant in multiple sclerosis. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 9(1), p. 1–15. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04732-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen & Vila, Carlos (2018). The influence of THC:CBD oromucosal spray on driving ability in patients with multiple sclerosis-related spasticity. Brain and Behavior. ISSN 2162-3279. 8(5), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1002/brb3.962. Full text in Research Archive
• Olafsson, Sigurgeir; Olafsson, S.; Stridh, Pernilla; Stridh, P.; Bos, Steffan Daniel & Ingason, Andrés [Show all 72 contributors for this article] (2017). Fourteen sequence variants that associate with multiple sclerosis discovered by meta-analysis informed by genetic correlations. NPJ GENOMIC MEDICINE. ISSN 2056-7944. 2. doi: 10.1038/s41525-017-0027-2. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  A meta-analysis of publicly available summary statistics on multiple sclerosis combined with three Nordic multiple sclerosis cohorts (21,079 cases, 371,198 controls) revealed seven sequence variants associating with multiple sclerosis, not reported previously. Using polygenic risk scores based on public summary statistics of variants outside the major histocompatibility complex region we quantified genetic overlap between common autoimmune diseases in Icelanders and identified disease clusters characterized by autoantibody presence/absence. As multiple sclerosis-polygenic risk scores captures the risk of primary biliary cirrhosis and vice versa (P = 1.6 x 10(-7), 4.3 x 10(-9)) we used primary biliary cirrhosis as a proxy-phenotype for multiple sclerosis, the idea being that variants conferring risk of primary biliary cirrhosis have a prior probability of conferring risk of multiple sclerosis. We tested 255 variants forming the primary biliary cirrhosis-polygenic risk score and found seven multiple sclerosis-associating variants not correlated with any previously established multiple sclerosis variants. Most of the variants discovered are close to or within immune-related genes. One is a low-frequency missense variant in TYK2, another is a missense variant in MTHFR that reduces the function of the encoded enzyme affecting methionine metabolism, reported to be dysregulated in multiple sclerosis brain.

• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2017). Infections in patients with multiple sclerosis: Implications for disease-modifying therapy. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 136, p. 34–36. doi: 10.1111/ane.12835.
• Gustavsen, Marte Wendel & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2017). Is the hygiene hypothesis relevant for the risk of multiple sclerosis? Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 136, p. 26–30. doi: 10.1111/ane.12844.
• Sowa, Piotr; Nygaard, Gro Owren; Bjørnerud, Atle; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad & Beyer, Mona K. (2017). Magnetic resonance imaging perfusion is associated with disease severity and activity in multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology. ISSN 0028-3940. 59(7), p. 655–664. doi: 10.1007/s00234-017-1849-4. Full text in Research Archive
• de Rodez Benavent, Sigrid Aune; Nygaard, Gro Owren; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Tønnesen, Siren; Sowa, Piotr & Landrø, Nils Inge [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). Fatigue and cognition: Pupillary responses to problem-solving in early multiple sclerosis patients. Brain and Behavior. ISSN 2162-3279. 7. doi: 10.1002/brb3.717. Full text in Research Archive
• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Edland, Astrid; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2017). High prevalence and increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in the Norwegian county of Buskerud. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 135(4), p. 412–418. doi: 10.1111/ane.12615. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørnevik, Kjetil ; Riise, Trond; Benjaminsen, Espen; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Dahl, Ole-Petter & Kampman, Margitta Theodora [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Level of education and multiple sclerosis risk over a 50-year period: Registry-based sibling study. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. 23(2), p. 213–219. doi: 10.1177/1352458516646863. Full text in Research Archive
• George, Michaela F.; Briggs, Farren B.S.; Shao, Xiaorong; Gianfrancesco, Milena A.; Kockum, Ingrid & Harbo, Hanne-Cathrin Flinstad [Show all 34 contributors for this article] (2016). Multiple sclerosis risk loci and disease severity in 7,125 individuals from 10 studies. Neurology: Genetics. ISSN 2376-7839. 2(4). doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000000087.
• Gustavsen, Marte Wendel; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Winsvold, Bendik K S; Moen, Stine Marit; Nygaard, Gro Owren & Berg-Hansen, Pål [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Migraine and frequent tension-type headache are not associated with multiple sclerosis in a Norwegian case-control study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 2, p. 1–4. doi: 10.1177/2055217316682976. Full text in Research Archive
• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Brunborg, Cathrine; Tallaksen, Chantal; Eriksen, Erik Fink & Holmøy, Trygve [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Bone mineral density in patients with multiple sclerosis, hereditary ataxia or hereditary spastic paraplegia after at least 10 years of disease - a case control study. BMC Neurology. ISSN 1471-2377. 16. doi: 10.1186/s12883-016-0771-4.
• Bos, Steffan Daniel; Berge, Tone; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen & Harbo, Hanne Flinstad (2016). From genetic associations to functional studies in multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Neurology. ISSN 1351-5101. 23(5), p. 847–853. doi: 10.1111/ene.12981.
• Berge, Tone; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Brorson, Ina Skaara; Bos, Steffan Daniel; Page, Christian & Gustavsen, Marte Wendel [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2016). The multiple sclerosis susceptibility genes TAGAP and IL2RA are regulated by Vitamin D in CD4+ T cells. Genes and Immunity. ISSN 1466-4879. 17(2), p. 118–127. doi: 10.1038/gene.2015.61.
• Sowa, Piotr; Bjørnerud, Atle; Nygaard, Gro Owren; Damangir, Soheil; Spulber, Gabriela & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Reduced perfusion in white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis. European Journal of Radiology. ISSN 0720-048X. 84(12), p. 2605–2612. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2015.09.007.
• Moutsianas, Loukas; Jostins, Luke; Beecham, Ashley H.; Dilthey, Alexander T.; Xifara, Dionysia K. & Ban, Maria [Show all 55 contributors for this article] (2015). Class II HLA interactions modulate genetic risk for multiple sclerosis. Nature Genetics. ISSN 1061-4036. 47(10), p. 1107–1113. doi: 10.1038/ng.3395.
• Nygaard, Gro Owren; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; de Rodez Benavent, Sigrid Aune; Sowa, Piotr; Gustavsen, Marte Wendel & Fjell, Anders Martin [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). A longitudinal study of disability, cognition and gray matter atrophy in early multiple sclerosis patients according to evidence of disease activity. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10(8). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135974. Full text in Research Archive
• Nygaard, Gro Owren; de Rodez Benavent, Sigrid Aune; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Laeng, Bruno; Sowa, Piotr & Damangir, Soheil [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2015). Eye and hand motor interactions with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test in early multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 4(6), p. 585–589. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2015.08.003.
• Goris, An; Pauwels, Ine; Gustavsen, Marte Wendel; Van Son, Brechtje; Hilven, Kelly & Bos, Steffan Daniel [Show all 46 contributors for this article] (2015). Genetic variants are major determinants of CSF antibody levels in multiple sclerosis. Brain. ISSN 0006-8950. 138(3), p. 632–643. doi: 10.1093/brain/awu405.
• Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Keshari, Pankaj Kumar; Gustavsen, Marte Wendel; Bjølgerud, Anja; Brorson, Ina Skaara & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Multiple sclerosis risk allele in CLEC16A acts as an expression quantitative trait locus for CLEC16A and SOCS1 in CD4+ T cells. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10>e0132957(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132957. Full text in Research Archive
• Berg-Hansen, Pål & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2015). Socio-economic factors and immigrant population studies of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 132(S199), p. 37–41. doi: 10.1111/ane.12429.

View all works in Cristin

• Simonsen, Cecilia Smith; Flemmen, Heidi Øyen; Broch, Line; Myklebust, Harald; Berg-Hansen, Pål & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). The association between menopause and multiple sclerosis in a Norwegian MS cohort.
• Rasmussen, Tilde; König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Schikora-Rustad, Stine; Berge, Tone & Holmøy, Trygve [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). Safety of a third SARS CoV 2 mRNA vaccine dose in people with multiple sclerosis.
• König, Marton; Wolf, Asia-Sophia Fumika Michaela; Ravussin, Anthony; Chopra, Adity; Tran, Trung & Torgauten, Hilde Marie [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2022). Immunogenicity and efficacy of mRNA-COVID-19 vaccines in people with multiple sclerosis.
• Tsivgoulis, Georgios; Deftereos, Spyros; Gobbi, Claudio; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Kulakowska, Alina & Maniscalco, Giorgia [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Oral Cladribine in Patients who Change From First-Line Disease Modifying Treatments for Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol of a Prospective Effectiveness and Safety Study (CLAD CROSS). Journal of central nervous system disease. ISSN 1179-5735. 14, p. 1–8. doi: 10.1177/11795735211069441. Full text in Research Archive
• Nygaard, Gro Owren; Torgauten, Hilde Marie; Skattebøl, Lars; Høgestøl, Einar August; Sowa, Piotr & Myhr, Kjell-Morten [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Risk of fingolimod rebound after switching to cladribine or rituximab in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. ISSN 2211-0348. 62. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103812.
• Nygaard, Gro Owren; Schikora-Rustad, Stine; Lie, Ingeborg Haugesag; Aase, Audun; Leiknes, Ingvild Jullum & König, Marton [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Humoral immune response to the influenza vaccine in multiple sclerosis patients treated with cladribine or rituximab.
• König, Marton; Lorentzen, Åslaug Rudjord; Torgauten, Hilde Marie; Tran, The Trung; Schikora-Rustad, Stine & Vaage, Eline Benno [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2021). Humoral Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in People with Multiple Sclerosis using High-Efficacy Disease Modifying Therapies.
• Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Austeng, Andreas; Gonzales, Victor; Dahl Klyve, Thomas & Negård, Henrik [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Sensor-based gait analyses identify qualitative improvement in gait parameters after short-time rehabilitation in a Norwegian MS rehabilitation unit.
• Kaufmann, Tobias; van der Meer, Dennis; Doan, Nhat Trung; Schwarz, Emanuel; Lund, Martina Jonette & Agartz, Ingrid [Show all 97 contributors for this article] (2020). Publisher Correction: Common brain disorders are associated with heritable patterns of apparent aging of the brain (Nature Neuroscience, (2019), 22, 10, (1617-1623), 10.1038/s41593-019-0471-7). Nature Neuroscience. ISSN 1097-6256. 23(2). doi: 10.1038/s41593-019-0553-6.
• Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Jahren, Silje Ekroll; Klyve, Thomas; Meyer, Fredrik & Strisland, Frode [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Use of sensors in MS rehabilitation - a pilot study.
• Jahren, Silje Ekroll; Seeberg, Trine Margrethe; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen & Moen, Stine Marit (2020). Det hun gjør her kan hjelpe folk med MS. Magasinet Tekna. ISSN 1502-704X.
• Madireddy, Lohith; Patsopoulos, Nikolaos A.; Cotsapas, Chris; Bos, Steffan Daniel; Beecham, Ashley H. & McCauley, Jacob [Show all 64 contributors for this article] (2019). Author Correction: A systems biology approach uncovers cell-specific gene regulatory effects of genetic associations in multiple sclerosis (Nature Communications, (2019), 10, 1, (2236), 10.1038/s41467-019-09773-y). Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 10(1). doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10951-1.
• Halvorsrud, Ragnhild; Røhne, Mette; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Moen, Stine Marit & Strisland, Frode (2019). Application of Patient Journey Methodology to Explore Needs for Digital Support. A Multiple Sclerosis Case Study.
• Bos, Steffan Daniel; Brorson, Ina Skaara; Eriksson, Anna; Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Vitelli, Valeria & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Differential gene expression analysis of CD8+ T cells from multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls .
• Richter, Stephan; Wagner, Bert & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2019). Two cases of diabetes mellitus type 1 after alemtuzumab treatment for multiple sclerosis: another probable secondary autoimmune disease. Journal of Neurology. ISSN 0340-5354. 266(5), p. 1270–1271. doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09257-5.
• Seeberg, Trine Margrethe; Benjaminsen, Christina; Sandbakk, Øyvind & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2019). Disse dingsene kan hjelpe både skiløpere og MS-pasienter. Forskning.no. ISSN 1891-635X.
• Seeberg, Trine Margrethe; Benjaminsen, Christina; Sandbakk, Øyvind & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2019). Langrennsløpernes gulloppskrift hjelper også MS-pasienter. Gemini. ISSN 0802-085X.
• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2018). Undervisning har lav status innen akademia. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 138(12). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0341.
• Brorson, Ina Skaara; Rhead, Brooke; Berge, Tone; Adams, Cameron; Quach, Hong & Sangurdekar, Dipen [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2018). SLFN12 is differentially methylated in multiple sclerosis CD4+ and CD8+ T cells .
• Leikfoss, Ingvild Sørum; Bos, Steffan Daniel; Berg-Hansen, Pål; Berge, Tone; Beyer, Mona K. & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). The EU Horizon2020 Project MultipleMS: Improved Personalized Medicine for Multiple Sclerosis .
• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Andersen, Oluf F. & Fredriksen, Jette Lautrup (2017). Preface. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 136, p. 3–3. doi: 10.1111/ane.12842.
• Nina, Grytten; Benjaminsen, Espen; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Kampman, Margitta Theodora; Midgard, Rune & Myhr, Kjell-Morten [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Cancer risk in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis. ISSN 1352-4585. 23, p. 486–487.
• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2017). Preface. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplementum. ISSN 0065-1427. 136, p. 3–3. doi: 10.1111/ane.12842.
• Moen, Stine Marit; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Sowa, Piotr; Nygaard, Gro Owren & Beyer, Mona K. (2016). S.M. Moen og medarbeidere svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(19), p. 1608–1608. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0826.
• Moen, Stine Marit; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Sowa, Piotr; Nygaard, Gro Owren & Beyer, Mona K. (2016). S.M. Moen og medarbeidere svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(20), p. 1702–1702. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0865.
• Moen, Stine Marit; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad; Sowa, Piotr; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Nygaard, Gro Owren & Beyer, Mona K. (2016). MR-undersøkelser ved multippel sklerose. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(16), p. 1373–1376. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1361.
• Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Rocca, M & Andersen, O (2016). Preface. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 134. doi: 10.1111/ane.12653.
• Berg-Hansen, Pål; Moen, Stine Marit; Harbo, Hanne Flinstad & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2015). Comments on the review article 'Time trends in the incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Norway during eight decades'. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6314. 132(5), p. 364–367. doi: 10.1111/ane.12489.
• Røhne, Mette; Halvorsrud, Ragnhild; Strisland, Frode; Moen, Stine Marit & Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen (2018). Digital oppfølging og støtte for personer med multippel sklerose. Erfaringer fra prosjektet MS-DOS. SINTEF. ISSN 978-82-14-06905-1. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  MS-DOS er et forprosjekt som undersøker muligheter for at personer med multippel sklerose (MS) og relevante helseaktører kan ta i bruk digitale hjelpemidler for bedre oppfølging, behandling og mestring av sykdommen. Målet for MS-DOS er å samle informasjon om hvilke utfordringer personer med MS opplever på grunn av sin sykdom, og vurdere i hvilken grad digitale verktøy kan gjøre livet bedre for denne gruppen. Denne rapporten gir et overblikk over helsetilbudet til personer med MS. Deretter presenteres resultater fra en dybdestudie hvor vi følger tre personer med MS over en periode på seks uker. Metoden vi har brukt er observasjon og intervjuer, samt kartlegging av planlagte og reelle pasientforløp ved hjelp av Customer Journey Modelling Language. Rapporten presenterer til slutt muligheter for bruk av digitale støtteverktøy, og forslag til videre studier Oppdragsgiver: Helsedirektoratet ved Innomed

View all works in Cristin