Helge Skulstad

• Khan, Faraz Hameed; Zhao, Debbie; Ha, Jong-Won; Nagueh, Sherif F.; Voigt, Jens-Uwe & Klein, Allan L. [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2024). Evaluation of left ventricular filling pressure by echocardiography in patients with atrial fibrillation. Echo Research and Practice. 11(1). doi: 10.1186/s44156-024-00048-x.
• Kaya, Esra; Andresen, Kristoffer; Lie, Øyvind Haugen; Aaberge, Lars; Haugaa, Kristina Ingrid Helena Hermann & Edvardsen, Thor [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Left ventricular mechanical dispersion as a predictor of the need for pacemaker implantation after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: MeDiPace TAVI study. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 25(4), p. 539–547. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jead315.
• Sletten, Ole Jakob; Aalen, John; Smiseth, Otto Armin; Khan, Faraz Hameed; Fosså, Alexander & Kiserud, Cecilie E. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Mental Stress Reduces Left Ventricular Strain: Can It Lead to Misinterpretation of Cancer Therapy–Related Cardiac Dysfunction? Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2023.11.010.
• Zha, Sigurd Zijun; Rogstadkjernet, Magnus; Klæboe, Lars Gunnar; Skulstad, Helge; Singstad, Bjørn-Jostein & Gilbert, Andrew David [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Deep learning for automated left ventricular outflow tract diameter measurements in 2D echocardiography. Cardiovascular Ultrasound. ISSN 1476-7120. 21(1), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12947-023-00317-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønningsæter, Lasse; Langesæter, Eldrid; Krarup Sørbye, Ingvil; Quattrone, Alessia; Almaas, Vibeke Marie & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). High prevalence of pre-eclampsia in women with coarctation of the aorta. European Heart Journal Open (EHJ Open). 3(4). doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oead072. Full text in Research Archive
• Grønningsæter, Lasse; Estensen, Mette-Elise; Skulstad, Helge; Langesæter, Eldrid & Edvardsen, Elisabeth (2023). Cardiorespiratory fitness in women after severe pre-eclampsia. Hypertension in Pregnancy. ISSN 1064-1955. 42(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1080/10641955.2023.2245054. Full text in Research Archive
• Halvorsen, Sigrun; Mehilli, Julinda; Cassese, Salvatore; Hall, Trygve Sørdahl; Schirmer, Henrik & Atar, Dan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). 2022 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular assessment and management of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac270.
• Schalit, Itai; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Pettersen, Fred-Johan; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Fiane, Arnt Eltvedt [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Improved Detection of Thromboembolic Complications in Left Ventricular Assist Device by Novel Accelerometer-Based Analysis. ASAIO journal (1992). ISSN 1058-2916. 68(9), p. 1117–1125. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001654.
• Jensen, Annette Schophuus; Jørgensen, Troels Højsgaard; Christersson, Christina; Nagy, Edit; Sinisalo, Juha & Furenäs, Eva [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Cause-Specific Mortality in Patients During Long-Term Follow-Up After Atrial Switch for Transposition of the Great Arteries. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 11(14). doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.023921. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background Little is known about the cause of death (CoD) in patients with transposition of the great arteries palliated with a Mustard or Senning procedure. The aim was to describe the CoD for patients with the Mustard and Senning procedure during short‐ (<10 years), mid‐ (10–20 years), and long‐term (>20 years) follow‐up after the operation. Methods and Results This is a retrospective, descriptive multicenter cohort study including all Nordic patients (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) who underwent a Mustard or Senning procedure between 1967 and 2003. Patients who died within 30 days after the index operation were excluded. Among 968 patients with Mustard/Senning palliated transposition of the great arteries, 814 patients were eligible for the study, with a mean follow‐up of 33.6 years. The estimated risk of all‐cause mortality reached 36.0% after 43 years of follow‐up, and the risk of death was highest among male patients as compared with female patients (P=0.004). The most common CoD was sudden cardiac death (SCD), followed by heart failure/heart transplantation accounting for 29% and 27%, respectively. During short‐, mid‐, and long‐term follow‐up, there was a change in CoD with SCD accounting for 23.7%, 46.6%, and 19.0% (P=0.002) and heart failure/heart transplantation 18.6%, 22.4%, and 46.6% (P=0.0005), respectively. Conclusions Among patients corrected with Mustard or Senning transposition of the great arteries, the most common CoD is SCD followed by heart failure/heart transplantation. The CoD changes as the patients age, with SCD as the most common cause in adolescence and heart failure as the dominant cause in adulthood. Furthermore, the risk of all‐cause mortality, SCD, and death attributable to heart failure or heart transplantation was increased in men >10 years after the Mustard/Senning operation.

• Grønningsæter, Lasse; Skulstad, Helge; Quattrone, Alessia; Langesæter, Eldrid & Estensen, Mette-Elise (2022). Reduced left ventricular function and sustained hypertension in women seven years after severe preeclampsia. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 56(1), p. 292–301. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2022.2099012. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective. To study left ventricular (LV) function and blood pressure (BP) at a long-term follow-up in women after severe pre-eclampsia. Design. In this single-centre, cross-sectional study, 96 patients were eligible for inclusion. LV function was examined by transthoracic echocardiography including tissue Doppler echocardiography and speckle tracking. BP was measured at rest using repeated non-invasive techniques. Results. We compared 36 patients with early-onset and 33 patients with late-onset pre-eclampsia with 28 healthy controls. Mean age (40 ± 3 years) and median time since delivery (7 ± 2 years) were similar across the study groups. The patients had 18% higher systolic BP (139 ± 15 mmHg) and 24% higher diastolic BP (87 ± 19 mmHg) than controls (p < .01). Hypertension was present in 23 patients (33%), where the estimated LV mass was 16% higher (p = .05) than in controls. The LV ejection fraction was 19% lower in the early-onset group (51 ± 4%; p = .01) and 14% lower in the late-onset group (54 ± 6; p = .04) compared with controls. LV global longitudinal strain was 18% lower in the patient group (–17.7 ± 2.1%) compared with controls (p = .01). Indicative of a more restrictive filling pattern, the diastolic indices showed a lower e′ mean (p < .01) and subsequently higher E/e′ ratio (p < .01). There were no significant differences in BP, systolic or diastolic function indices between the patient groups. Conclusion. We found sustained hypertension, higher LV mass and reduced LV systolic and diastolic function 7 y after severe pre-eclampsia. Our findings emphasize the importance of early risk stratification and clinical counselling, and follow-up for such cases.

• Castrini, Anna Isotta; Skjølsvik, Eystein Theodor Ek; Estensen, Mette-Elise; Almaas, Vibeke Marie; Skulstad, Helge & Lyseggen, Erik [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Pregnancy and progression of cardiomyopathy in women With LMNA genotype-positive. Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). ISSN 2047-9980. 11:e024960(8), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.024960.
• Wisløff-Aase, Kristin; Skulstad, Helge; Haugaa, Kristina Ingrid Helena Hermann; Lingaas, Per Snorre; Beitnes, Jan Otto & Halvorsen, Per Steinar [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Myocardial electrophysiological and mechanical changes caused by moderate hypothermia—A clinical study. Physiological Reports. ISSN 2051-817X. 10:e15259(8), p. 1–10. doi: 10.14814/phy2.15259. Full text in Research Archive
• Wisløff-Aase, Kristin; Skulstad, Helge; Beitnes, Jan Otto; Lundblad, Runar; Halvorsen, Per Steinar & Fiane, Arnt Eltvedt [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Left Ventricular Function Changes Induced by Moderate Hypothermia Are Rapidly Reversed after Rewarming - A Clinical Study. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 50(1), p. E52–E60. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005170.
• Tangen, Jorun; Aukrust, Pål; Barratt-Due, Andreas; Skulstad, Helge & Edvardsen, Thor (2021). Reduced cardiac function by echocardiography in a minority of COVID-19 patients three months after hospitalization. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2021.10.014. Full text in Research Archive
• Sletten, Ole Jakob; Aalen, John M.; Izci, Hava; Duchenne, Jürgen; Remme, Espen W. & Larsen, Camilla Kjellstad [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Lateral Wall Dysfunction Signals Onset of Progressive Heart Failure in Left Bundle Branch Block. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1936-878X. 14(11), p. 2059–2069. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2021.04.017. Full text in Research Archive
• Quattrone, Alessia; Lie, Øyvind Haugen; Nestaas, Eirik; de Lange, Charlotte; Try, Kirsti & Lindberg, Harald L [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Long-term follow-up and sex differences in adults operated for tetralogy of Fallot. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 8(2). doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001738. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective Adults operated for tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have high risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). QRS duration >180 ms is an established risk factor for VA. We aimed to investigate heart function, prevalence of arrhythmias and sex differences in patients with TOF at long-term follow-up. Methods We included TOF-operated patients≥18 years from our centre’s registry. We reviewed medical records and the most recent echocardiographic exam. VA was recorded on ECGs, 24-hour Holter registrations and from implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Results We included 148 patients (age 37±10 years). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS, −15.8±3.1% vs −18.8±3.2%, p=0.001) and right ventricular (RV) GLS (−15.8±3.9% vs −19.1±4.1%, p=0.001) were lower in men at all ages compared with women. Higher RV D1 (4.3±0.5 cm vs 4.6±0.6 cm, p=0.01), lower ejection fraction (55%±8% vs 50%±9%, p=0.02), lower RV GLS (−18.1±4.0 ms vs −16.1±4.8 ms, p=0.04) and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) over reference range (n=27 (23%) vs n=8 (77%), p<0.001) were associated with higher incidence of VA. QRS duration was longer in men (151±30 ms vs 128±25 ms, p<0.001). No patients had QRS duration >180 ms. QRS duration did not differ in those with and without VA (143±32 ms vs 137±28 ms, p=0.06). Conclusions Our results confirmed reduced RV function in adults operated for TOF. Male patients had impaired LV and RV function expressed by lower LV and RV GLS values at all ages. Reduced cardiac function and elevated NT-proBNP were associated with higher incidence of VA and may be important in risk assessment.

• Kvaslerud, Anette Borger; Hussain, Amjad Iqbal; Auensen, Andreas; Fiane, Arnt E; Skulstad, Helge & Aaberge, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Outcomes in asymptomatic, severe aortic stenosis. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249610. Full text in Research Archive
• Storm, Benjamin; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Dybwik, Knut Gustav; Schjalm, Camilla & Christiansen, Dorte [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Open chest and pericardium facilitate transpulmonary passage of venous air emboli. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 65(5), p. 648–655. doi: 10.1111/aas.13796. Full text in Research Archive
• Quattrone, Alessia; Lie, Øyvind Haugen; Nestaas, Eirik; de Lange, Charlotte; Try, Kirsti & Lindberg, Harald L [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Impact of pregnancy and risk factors for ventricular arrhythmias in women with tetralogy of Fallot. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 8(1). doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001400. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: Patients with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) have high survival rates 30 years after surgical repair. Many patients experience pregnancy; however, the effects of pregnancy on the long-term cardiovascular outcome are not well known. We investigated the association of pregnancy and cardiac function with occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) in women with TOF. Methods: We recruited 80 women with repaired TOF from the national database. Holter monitoring or implanted devices detected VA, defined as non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia or aborted cardiac arrest. All patients underwent echocardiography. Blood tests included NT-proBNP (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide). Results: 55 (69%) women had experienced pregnancy. Mean age was lower in nulliparous compared with those with children (30±9 vs 40±9, p<0.01).VA had occurred in 17 (21%) women. Prevalence of VA was higher in women who had experienced pregnancy (n=16, 94%) compared with nulliparous (n=1, 6%) (p=0.02), also when adjusted for age (OR 12.9 (95% CI 1.5 to 113.2), p=0.02).Right ventricular mechanical dispersion was more pronounced in patients with VA (50±8 ms vs 39±14 ms, p=0.01, age-adjusted OR 2.1 (95% CI 1.3 to 7.5), p=0.01). NT-proBNP was also a marker of VA (211 ng/L (127 to 836) vs 139 ng/L (30 to 465), p=0.007). NT-proBNP >321 ng/L (normal values <170 ng/L) detected women with VA (p=0.019), also independent of age (OR 7.2 (95% CI 1.7 to 30.1), p=0.007). Conclusion: Pregnancy was associated with higher prevalence of VA among women with TOF. Right ventricular mechanical dispersion and NT-proBNP were age-independent markers of VA. These may have importance for pregnancy counselling and risk stratification. Keywords: Fallots tetralogy; arrhythmias; echocardiography

• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Kerans, Viesturs; Bugge, Jan F; Skulstad, Helge & Halvorsen, Per Steinar (2020). Left Ventricular Function During Epinephrine Stimulation and Hypothermia: Effects at Spontaneous and Paced Heart Rates in a Porcine Model. Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management. ISSN 2153-7658. p. 35–44. doi: 10.1089/ther.2019.0035.
• Wisløff-Aase, Kristin; Kerans, Viesturs; Haugaa, Kristina; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge & Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik (2020). Changes in left ventricular electromechanical relations during targeted hypothermia. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 8(1). doi: 10.1186/s40635-020-00363-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Storsten, Petter; Aalen, John; Bøe, Espen Andreas Matthew; Remme, Espen W.; Gjesdal, Ola & Larsen, Camilla Kjellstad [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2020). Mechanical effects on right ventricular function from left bundle branch block and cardiac resynchronization therapy. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1936-878X. 13(7), p. 1475–1484. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.11.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Andersen, Øyvind Senstad; Krogh, Magnus Reinsfelt; Bøe, Espen Andreas Matthew; Storsten, Petter; Aalen, John & Larsen, Camilla Kjellstad [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Left bundle branch block increases left ventricular diastolic pressure during tachycardia due to incomplete relaxation. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 128(4), p. 729–738. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01002.2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Chivulescu, Ana Monica; Lie, Øyvind Haugen; Popescu, Bogdan A.; Skulstad, Helge; Edvardsen, Thor & Jurcut, Ruxandra [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). High penetrance and similar disease progression in probands and in family members with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 41(14), p. 1401–1410. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz570. Full text in Research Archive
• Skulstad, Helge; Cosyns, Bernard; Popescu, Bogdan A.; Galderisi, Maurizio; Salvo, Giovanni Di & Donal, Erwan [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and cardiac imaging: EACVI recommendations on precautions, indications, prioritization, and protection for patients and healthcare personnel. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 21(6), p. 592–598. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa072.
• Muthiah, Anujan; Beitnes, Jan Otto & Skulstad, Helge (2020). Patients with infective endocarditis referred to Division of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases at Oslo University Hospital between 2014 and 2017. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 54(4), p. 258–264. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2020.1734232. Full text in Research Archive
• Schalit, Itai; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Pettersen, Fred-Johan; Snartland, Steinar; Ringdal, Mari-Anne I Lindstein & Nilsen-Hoel, Tom [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Detection of thromboembolic events and pump thrombosis in heartware HVAD using accelerometer in a porcine model. ASAIO journal (1992). ISSN 1058-2916. p. 38–48. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000000954.
• Aalen, John; Remme, Espen W.; Larsen, Camilla Kjellstad; Andersen, Øyvind Senstad; Krogh, Magnus Reinsfelt & Duchenne, Jürgen [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2019). Mechanism of abnormal septal motion in left bundle branch block: Role of left ventricular wall interactions and myocardial scar. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1936-878X. 12(12), p. 2402–2413. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.11.030. Full text in Research Archive
• Bøe, Espen Andreas Matthew; Smiseth, Otto A.; Storsten, Petter; Andersen, Øyvind Senstad; Aalen, John & Eriksen, Morten [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Left ventricular end-systolic volume is a more sensitive marker of acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy than contractility indices: Insights from an experimental study. Europace. ISSN 1099-5129. 21(2), p. 347–355. doi: 10.1093/europace/euy221. Full text in Research Archive
• Pischke, Søren; Hestenes, Siv Merete; Johansen, Harald Thidemann; Fure, Hilde; Bugge, Jan F & Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2019). Sepsis causes right ventricular myocardial inflammation independent of pulmonary hypertension in a porcine sepsis model. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 14:e0218624(6). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218624. Full text in Research Archive
• Smiseth, Otto A.; Kjeldsen, Sverre; Andersen, Øyvind Senstad; Mistry, Nisha; Westheim, Arne & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Hjertesvikt med normal ejeksjonsfraksjon. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(6), p. 522–527. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0523.
• Bøe, Espen Andreas Matthew; Skulstad, Helge & Smiseth, Otto A. (2019). Myocardial work by echocardiography: A novel method ready for clinical testing. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 20(1), p. 18–20. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jey156.
• Aalen, John; Storsten, Petter; Remme, Espen W.; Sirnes, Per A.; Gjesdal, Ola & Larsen, Camilla Kjellstad [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Afterload hypersensitivity in patients with left bundle branch block. JACC Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1936-878X. p. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.11.025.
• Storsten, Petter; Eriksen, Morten; Remme, Espen W.; Bøe, Espen Andreas Matthew; Erikssen, Gunnar & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Dysfunction of the systemic right ventricle after atrial switch: physiological implications of altered septal geometry and load. Journal of applied physiology. ISSN 8750-7587. 125(5), p. 1482–1489. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00255.2018. Full text in Research Archive
• Hyler, Stefan; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Halvorsen, Per Steinar (2018). Corrigendum to ‘Left ventricular function can be continuously monitored with an epicardially attached accelerometer sensor’ [Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2014;46:313–20]. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1010-7940. 54(5). doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezy340.
• Erikssen, Gunnar; Aboulhosn, Jamil; Lin, Jeannette; Liestøl, Knut; Estensen, Mette-Elise & Gjesdal, Ola [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2018). Survival in patients with univentricular hearts: The impact of right versus left ventricular morphology. Open heart. ISSN 2053-3624. 5:e000902(2), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000902. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergan, Harald Arne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Kerans, Viesturs; Skulstad, Helge & Fosse, Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Left ventricle function during therapeutic hypothermia with beta&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-adrenergic receptor blockade. Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management. ISSN 2153-7658. 8(3), p. 156–164. doi: 10.1089/ther.2017.0051.
• Grymyr, Ole-Johannes; Beitnes, Jan Otto; Eidet, Jo; Tølløfsrud, Stein G.; Fiane, Arnt E & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Detection of intraoperative myocardial dysfunction by accelerometer during aortic valve replacement. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1569-9293. 24(2), p. 188–195. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivw326.
• Pischke, Søren Erik; Gustavsen, Alice; Orrem, Hilde Lang; Egge, Kjetil Hagene; Courivaud, Fredric A A & Fontenelle, Hugues [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2017). Complement factor 5 blockade reduces porcine myocardial infarction size and improves immediate cardiac function. Basic Research in Cardiology. ISSN 0300-8428. 112:20(3). doi: 10.1007/s00395-017-0610-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Bergan, Harald Arne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Bugge, Jan F (2016). Does therapeutic hypothermia during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation preserve cardiac function? Journal of Translational Medicine. ISSN 1479-5876. 14(1). doi: 10.1186/s12967-016-1099-y.
• Kerans, Viesturs; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Edvardsen, Thor & Bugge, Jan F (2015). Systolic left ventricular function is preserved during therapeutic hypothermia, also during increases in heart rate with impaired diastolic filling. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 3(1), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1186/s40635-015-0041-6.
• Bøe, Espen; Russell, Kristoffer; Eek, Christian; Eriksen, Morten; Remme, Espen W. & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Non-invasive myocardial work index identifies acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-STsegment elevation-acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 16(11), p. 1247–1255. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev078.
• Grymyr, Ole-Johannes; Nguyen Thai, Anh Tuan; Tjulkins, Fjodors; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Remme, Espen W. & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Continuous monitoring of cardiac function by 3-dimensional accelerometers in a closed-chest pig model. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1569-9293. 21(5), p. 573–582. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivv191. Show summary

  OBJECTIVES Cardiac wall motions reflect systolic and diastolic function. We have previously demonstrated the ability of a miniaturized three-axis (3D) accelerometer to monitor left ventricular function in experimental models and in patients. The main aim of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of the method for monitoring the left and right ventricular function during changes in global and regional cardiac function in a postoperative closed-chest situation. METHODS In 13 closed-chest pigs, miniaturized 3D accelerometers were placed on the left ventricle in the apical and basal regions and in the basal region of the right ventricle. An epicardial 3D motion vector was calculated from the acceleration signals in each heart region. Peak systolic velocity along this 3D vector (3D Vsys) was compared with the positive time derivative of the left and right ventricular pressure and with cardiac index during changes in global LV function (unloading, fluid loading, esmolol, dobutamine) and with ultrasound during regional left ventricular dysfunction (3-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery). RESULTS Significant and typical changes in accelerometer 3D Vsys were seen in all heart regions during changes in global cardiac function. 3D Vsys reflected the left and right ventricular contractility via significant correlations with the positive time derivative of the left and right ventricular pressure, r = 0.86 and r = 0.72, and with cardiac index r = 0.82 and r = 0.73 (all P < 0.001), respectively. The miniaturized accelerometers also detected regional dysfunction, but showed reduced ability to localize ischaemia as the 3D Vsys in all heart regions showed similar reductions during coronary artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS Miniaturized 3D accelerometers placed on the heart can assess global and regional function in a closed-chest model. The technique may be used for continuous postoperative monitoring after cardiac surgery.

• Bergan, Harald Arne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Edvardsen, Thor; Fosse, Erik & Bugge, Jan F (2015). Successful ECMO-cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the associated post-arrest cardiac dysfunction as demonstrated by MRI. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 3. doi: 10.1186/s40635-015-0061-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Smedsrud, Marit Kristine; Gravning, Jørgen A.; Omland, Torbjørn; Eek, Christian; Mørkrid, Lars & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Sensitive cardiac troponins and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in stable coronary artery disease: correlation with left ventricular function as assessed by myocardial strain. The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1569-5794. 31(5), p. 967–973. doi: 10.1007/s10554-015-0646-6.
• Hyler, Stefan; Pischke, Søren Erik; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Bergsland, Jacob & Tønnessen, Tor Inge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Continuous monitoring of regional function by a miniaturized ultrasound transducer allows early quantification of low-grade myocardial ischemia. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 28(4), p. 486–494. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.12.014.
• Opdahl, Anders; Helle-Valle, Thomas Michael; Skulstad, Helge & Smiseth, Otto A. (2015). Strain, strain rate, torsion, and twist: echocardiographic evaluation. Current Cardiology Reports. ISSN 1523-3782. 17(3), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0568-x.
• Grymyr, Ole-Johannes; Remme, Espen W.; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Elle, Ole Jakob & Fosse, Erik [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Assessment of 3D motion increases the applicability of accelerometers for monitoring left ventricular function. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1569-9293. 20(3), p. 329–337. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivu404.
• Pischke, Søren Erik; Hyler, Stefan; Tronstad, Christian; Bergsland, Jacob; Fosse, Erik & Halvorsen, Per Steinar [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Myocardial tissue CO2 tension detects coronary blood flow reduction after coronary artery bypass in real-time. British Journal of Anaesthesia. ISSN 0007-0912. 114(3), p. 414–422. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu381.
• Erikssen, Gunnar; Liestøl, Knut; Seem, Egil; Birkelance, Sigurce; Saatvedt, Kjell & Nilsen-Hoel, Tom [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2015). Achievements in congenital heart defect surgery: A prospective, 40-year study of 7038 patients. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 131, p. 337–346. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.012033.
• Zahid, Wasim; Eek, Christian; Remme, Espen W.; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Edvardsen, Thor (2014). Early systolic lengthening may identify minimal myocardial damage in patients With non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. p. 1152–1160. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu101.
• Dahlslett, Thomas; Karlsen, Sigve; Grenne, Bjørnar; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Early Assessment of Strain Echocardiography Can Accurately Exclude Significant Coronary Artery Stenosis in Suspected Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 27(5), p. 512–519. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.01.019.
• Bøe, Espen; Russell, Kristoffer; Remme, Espen; Gjesdal, Ola; Smiseth, Otto A. & Skulstad, Helge (2014). Cardiac responses to left ventricular pacing in hearts with normal electrical conduction: Beneficial effect of improved filling is counteracted by dyssynchrony. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. ISSN 0363-6135. 307(3), p. H370–H378. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00089.2014.
• Hestenes, Siv Merete; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Remme, Espen; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik & Hyler, Stefan [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2014). Advantages of strain echocardiography in assessment of myocardial function in severe sepsis: An experimental study. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 42(6), p. e432–e440. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000310.
• Hyler, Stefan; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Halvorsen, Per Steinar (2014). Left ventricular function can be continuously monitored with an epicardially attached accelerometer sensor. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1010-7940. 46(2), p. 313–320. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezt653.
• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Kerans, Viesturs; Opdahl, Anders; Skulstad, Helge; Halvorsen, Per Steinar & Bugge, Jan F [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia on Left Ventricular Function Assessed by Ultrasound Imaging. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 26(11), p. 1353–1363. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.06.021.
• Russell, Kristoffer; Eriksen, Morten; Aaberge, Lars; Wilhelmsen, Nils Einar; Skulstad, Helge & Gjesdal, Ola [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Assessment of wasted myocardial work: a novel method to quantify energy loss due to uncoordinated left ventricular contractions. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. ISSN 0363-6135. 305(7), p. H996–H1003. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00191.2013.
• Zahid, Wasim; Johnson, Jonas; Westholm, Carl; Eek, Christian; Haugaa, Kristina & Smedsrud, Marit Kristine [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Mitral Annular Displacement by Doppler Tissue Imaging May Identify Coronary Occlusion and Predict Mortality in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 26(8), p. 875–884. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.05.011.
• Gravning, Jørgen A.; Smedsrud, Marit Kristine; Omland, Torbjørn; Eek, Christian; Skulstad, Helge & Aaberge, Lars [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2013). Sensitive troponin assays and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in acute coronary syndrome: Prediction of significant coronary lesions and long-term prognosis. American Heart Journal. ISSN 0002-8703. 165(5), p. 716–724. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2013.02.008.
• Broch, Kaspar; Eek, Christian; Wergeland, Ragnhild; Ueland, Thor; Skårdal, Rita & Aukrust, Pål [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). NT-proBNP predicts myocardial recovery after non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 46(2), p. 65–71. doi: 10.3109/14017431.2011.652981.
• Smiseth, Otto A.; Russell, Kristoffer & Skulstad, Helge (2012). The role of echocardiography in quantification of left ventricular dyssynchrony: state of the art and future directions. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 13(1), p. 61–68. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jer243.
• Russell, Kristoffer; Eriksen, Morten; Aaberge, Lars; Wilhelmsen, Nils Einar; Skulstad, Helge & Remme, Espen W. [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2012). A novel clinical method for quantification of regional left ventricular pressure-strain loop area: a non-invasive index of myocardial work. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 33(6), p. 724–733. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs016.
• Skulstad, Helge & Aakhus, Svend (2012). Stressekkokardiografi med liggesykkel. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(19), p. 2175–2178. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.11.1538. Show summary

  Bakgrunn. Belastningsrelaterte symptomer er ofte årsaken til at pasienter med hjertesykdommer henvises til vurdering med ekkokardiografi. Vi presenterer en metode for evaluering med ekkokardiografi under samtidig fysiologisk belastning der pasienten undersøkes på liggesykkel i halvt sittende skråleie. Kunnskapsgrunnlag. Artikkelen er bygd på litteratursøk gjennom PubMed og egen erfaring med metoden. Resultater. Ergometrisk stressekkokardiografi kan brukes ved en rekke kardiale tilstander der man ønsker å vurdere kardial og hemodynamisk respons på fysiologisk belastning. Utredning og oppfølging av pasienter med hypertrofisk kardiomyopati, koarktasjon/rekoarktasjon, mitralklafflidelser og aortaklafflidelser har til nå vært de viktigste gruppene. Metoden kan også gi viktig informasjon ved pulmonal hypertensjon og medfødte hjertefeil. Fortolkning. Ergometrisk stressekkokardiografi er en ikke-invasiv metode med liten risiko. Dette er en relativt lett gjennomførbar undersøkelse og utgjør et viktig supplement til invasive metoder.

• Russell, Kristoffer; Smiseth, Otto A.; Gjesdal, Ola; Qvigstad, Eirik; Norseng, Per Andreas & Sjaastad, Ivar [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2011). Mechanism of prolonged electromechanical delay in late activated myocardium during left bundle branch block. American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology. ISSN 0363-6135. 301, p. H2334–H2343. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00644.2011.
• Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Dahlslett, Thomas; Hol, Per Kristian & Ørn, Stein [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2011). Mean Strain Throughout the Heart Cycle by Longitudinal Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography Enables Early Prediction of Infarct Size. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 24(10), p. 1118–1125. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.06.002.
• Eek, Christian; Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Brunvand, Harald; Aakhus, Svend; Endresen, Knut & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Postsystolic shortening is a strong predictor of recovery of systolic function in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 12(7), p. 483–489. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jer055.
• Gjesdal, Ola; Remme, Espen; Opdahl, Anders; Skulstad, Helge; Russell, Kristoffer & Kongsgård, Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Mechanisms of Abnormal Systolic Motion of the Interventricular Septum During Left Bundle-Branch Block. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1941-9651. 4(3), p. 264–U109. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.961417.
• Haugaa, Kristina; Bergestuen, Deidi Ann; Shahakyan, Laura G; Skulstad, Helge; Aakhus, Svend & Thiis-Evensen, Espen [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Evaluation of Right Ventricular Dysfunction by Myocardial Strain Echocardiography in Patients with Intestinal Carcinoid Disease. Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography. ISSN 0894-7317. 24(6), p. 644–650. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2011.02.009.
• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Lundblad, Runar; Bugge, Jan Frederik & Hoff, Lars [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Automated detection of myocardial ischaemia by epicardial miniature ultrasound transducers - a novel tool for patient monitoring during cardiac surgery. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1010-7940. 39(1), p. 53–59. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.03.067. Show summary

  Objectives: Early detection of myocardial ischaemia in cardiac surgery is important. We have developed an ultrasonic system for continuous myocardial monitoring by use of miniature transducers. The aim of this study was to investigate the system's ability to detect ischaemia in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and whether automated signal analysis could detect ischaemia. Methods: In 10 patients scheduled for CABG, ultrasound transducers were fixed to the epicardium in the area supplied by left anterior descending artery (LAD), and in a remote area for control. M-mode images with measurements of wall-thickening velocities were presented in real time and systolic (S?) and post-systolic velocities (PSVs) were recorded. An automated algorithm for ischaemia detection was developed, using end-systolic wall thickening as a fraction of total wall thickening. Registrations were made at baseline and during LAD occlusion. Echocardiographic strain was used as reference. Results: Nine of 10 patients developed ischaemia during LAD occlusion, with resulting decrease in systolic and increase in post-systolic wall-thickening velocities (P < 0.001). In these nine patients, Vdiff shifted below zero with no overlap between baseline and LAD occlusion (P < 0.001). The automated wall-thickening fraction was reduced from 0.93 ± 0.05 to 0.57 ± 0.15 (P = 0.001). A cut-off value of 0.85 could completely separate normal from ischaemic myocardium in all patients. Conclusion: The ultrasonic system detected regional ischaemia during LAD occlusion. An automated analysis algorithm demonstrated excellent ability to detect ischaemia. This technology can develop into a useful tool to detect ischaemia in cardiac surgery.

• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Hoff, Lars; Skulstad, Helge; Fosse, Erik & Ihlen, Halfdan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Detecting myocardial ischaemia using miniature ultrasonic transducers - a feasibility study in a porcine model. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. ISSN 1010-7940. 37(1), p. 119–126. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.05.013. Show summary

  Background: Detection of myocardial ischaemia during and after cardiac surgery remains a challenge. Echocardiography is more sensitive in ischaemia detection than echocardiography (ECG) and haemodynamic monitoring, but demands repeated examinations for monitoring over time. We have developed and validated an ultrasonic system that permits continuous real-time assessment of myocardial ischaemia using miniature epicardial ultrasound transducers. Methods: In an open-chest porcine model (n = 8), prototype ultrasound transducers were fixed on the epicardium in the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary artery supply regions, providing continuous measurement of transmural myocardial velocities. Peak systolic velocity and post-systolic velocity were recorded simultaneously with ECG, left ventricular pressure and arterial pressure. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic strain was used as a reference. Global changes were induced by infusing fluid, epinephrine, nitroprusside and esmolol. Regional changes were induced by occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). Subsequent LAD stenosis was performed in a subgroup, with flow reduction to 50% of baseline level and further to occlusion. Results: Systolic velocity in the LAD region decreased during LAD occlusion (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 0.1 +/- 0.1 cm s¯¹, P < 0.01), whereas post-systolic velocity increased (0.3 +/- 0.1 to 2.3 +/- 0.1 cm s¯¹, P < 0.01). No changes occurred in the circumflex coronary artery (CX) region. Severe ischaemia was confirmed by reduction in 2D echocardiography strain calculations. Changes in myocardial velocities assessed by miniature transducer during ischaemia differed from changes during all global interventions. Significant reduction in systolic velocity occurred at 50% LAD flow (0.9 +/- 0.1 to 0.5 +/- 0.1 cm s¯¹, P = 0.02) with further decrease on following occlusion (0.0 +/- 0.0 cm s¯¹, P < 0.01). Post-systolic velocity increased both from baseline to 50% LAD flow, and further to occlusion. Conclusion: The epicardial transducers provided continuous assessment of regional myocardial function and detected ischaemia with high sensitivity and specificity. Further development of this system may provide a useful tool for myocardial monitoring during and after cardiac surgery. (C) 2009 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

• Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Dahlslett, Thomas; Uchto, Michael & Hol, Per Kristian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Acute coronary occlusion in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: outcome and early identification by strain echocardiography. Heart. ISSN 1355-6037. 96(19), p. 1550–1556. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2009.188391.
• Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Remme, Espen W.; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Lundblad, Runar & Bergsland, Jacob [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2010). Automatic real-time detection of myocardial ischemia by epicardial accelerometer. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. ISSN 0022-5223. 139(4), p. 1026–1032. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.05.031. Show summary

  Objective: Myocardial ischemia may be detected with epicardial accelerometers. We developed and tested automated algorithms for real-time detection of myocardial ischemia by accelerometer measurements in both experimental and clinical settings. Methods: In 10 pigs, an accelerometer was fixed to the epicardium in the area perfused by left anterior descending coronary artery. Acceleration and electrocardiogram were simultaneously recorded, and the QRS complex was automatically detected for exact timing of systole. Peak circumferential velocity and displacement were automatically calculated from epicardial acceleration signal within 150 milliseconds after peak R on electrocardiography. Global myocardial function was reduced by esmolol infusion, and regional function was altered by temporary left anterior descending occlusion. Automated ischemia detection analyses were tested in 7 patients during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded for 3 minutes before grafting. In both models, echocardiographic myocardial circumferential strain was used to confirm ischemia. Results: Systolic displacement changed most during left anterior descending occlusion. Negative displacement during ischemia was found in pigs (11.5 ± 2.3 to ?1.2 ± 2.8 mm, P < .01); regional hypokinesia was found in clinical study (12.8 ± 8.1 to 3.5 ± 4.4 mm, P < .01). Ischemia was confirmed by echocardiography in both settings. Esmolol infusion induced smaller changes in automated accelerometer measurements than did left anterior descending occlusion (P < .01). Conclusions: Automatic real-time detection of myocardial ischemia with epicardial accelerometer was feasible. Automated ischemia detection analysis may be used for continuous monitoring of myocardial ischemia during cardiac surgery.

• Russell, Kristoffer; Opdahl, Anders; Remme, Espen W.; Gjesdal, Ola; Skulstad, Helge & Kongsgård, Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Evaluation of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony by Onset of Active Myocardial Force Generation A Novel Method That Differentiates Between Electrical and Mechanical Etiologies. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1941-9651. 3(4), p. 405–414. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.905539.
• Eek, Christian; Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Brunvand, Harald; Aakhus, Svend; Endresen, Knut & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Strain echocardiography predicts acute coronary occlusion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal-Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 2047-2404. 11(6), p. 501–508. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jeq008.
• Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Skulstad, Helge; Aakhus, Svend & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Changes of Myocardial Function in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Awaiting Coronary Angiography. American Journal of Cardiology. ISSN 0002-9149. 105(9), p. 1212–1218. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.036.
• Eek, Christian; Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Brunvand, Harald; Aakhus, Svend; Endresen, Knut & Hol, Per Kristian [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Strain Echocardiography and Wall Motion Score Index Predicts Final Infarct Size in Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Circulation Cardiovascular Imaging. ISSN 1941-9651. 3(2), p. 187–194. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.109.910521.
• Remme, Espen; Hoff, Lars; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Nærum, Edvard; Skulstad, Helge & Fleischer, Lars Albert [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Validation of cardiac accelerometer sensor measurements. Physiological Measurement. ISSN 0967-3334. 30(12). Show summary

  In this study we have investigated the accuracy of an accelerometer sensor designed for the measurement of cardiac motion and automatic detection of motion abnormalities caused by myocardial ischaemia. The accelerometer, attached to the left ventricular wall, changed its orientation relative to the direction of gravity during the cardiac cycle. This caused a varying gravity component in the measured acceleration signal that introduced an error in the calculation of myocardial motion. Circumferential displacement, velocity and rotation of the left ventricular apical region were calculated from the measured acceleration signal. We developed a mathematical method to separate translational and gravitational acceleration components based on a priori assumptions of myocardial motion. The accuracy of the measured motion was investigated by comparison with known motion of a robot arm programmed to move like the heart wall. The accuracy was also investigated in an animal study. The sensor measurementswere compared with simultaneously recorded motion from a robot arm attached next to the sensor on the heart and with measured motion by echocardiography and a video camera. The developed compensation method for the varying gravity component improved the accuracy of the calculated velocity and displacement traces, giving very good agreement with the reference methods.

• Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Fleischer, Lars Albert; Espinoza, Andreas; Elle, Ole Jakob; Hoff, Lars & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2009). Detection of myocardial ischaemia by epicardial accelerometers in the pig. British Journal of Anaesthesia. ISSN 0007-0912. 102(1), p. 29–37. Show summary

  Conclusions. Myocardial ischaemia can be detected with epicardial three-axis accelerometers. The accelerometer had the ability to distinguish ischaemia from interventions altering global myocardial function. This novel technique may be used for continuous real-time monitoring of myocardial ischaemia during and after cardiac surgery.

• Skulstad, Helge & Estensen, Mette-Lise (2009). 16th Advanced Symposium on Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 22, p. 117–122.

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• Tangen, Jorun; Aukrust, Pål; Barrat-Due, A; Trøseid, Marius; Olsen, Inge Christoffer & Nezvalova-Henriksen, Katerina [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2021). Cardiac function is normal in most patients recovered from COVID-19 .
• Smiseth, Otto A.; Aalen, John & Skulstad, Helge (2021). Heart failure and systolic function: time to leave diagnostics based on ejection fraction? European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 42(7), p. 786–788. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa979.
• Skulstad, Helge; Erikssen, Gunnar; Estensen, Mette-Lise & Lindberg, Harald L (2013). Insufficient long term follow up and risk for aneurism in patients operated with Dacron patch for coarctatio aortae. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 34, p. 377–377.
• Skulstad, Helge (2013). Ultralyd av hjertet redder liv.
• Smiseth, Otto A.; Edvardsen, Thor & Skulstad, Helge (2013). Cardioprotection during chemotherapy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. ISSN 0735-1097. 61(23), p. 2363–2364. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.073.
• Dahlslett, Thomas; Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Skulstad, Helge & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2012). Early strain echocardiography may exclude high-grade coronary artery stenosis in suspected non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 33, p. 911–911.
• Russell, Kristoffer; Eriksen, Morten; Remme, Espen W.; Haugaa, Kristina; Skulstad, Helge & Edvardsen, I [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Wasted work fraction a novel method for assessing global and regional left ventricular function. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 33, p. 476–477.
• Boe, Erik M; Russell, Kristoffer; Remme, Espen W.; Gjesdal, Ola; Smiseth, Otto A. & Skulstad, Helge (2012). Pacing improves left ventricular filling in narrow QRS and pulmonary hypertension. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 33, p. 533–533.
• Dahlslett, Thomas; Grenne, Bjørnar; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Skulstad, Helge & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Early Strain Echocardiography May Exclude Significant Coronary Artery Stenosis in Suspected Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 124(21).
• Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Bugge, Jan Frederik; Elle, Ole Jakob & Fosse, Erik (2010). EPICARDIAL DISPLACEMENTS BY A 3-AXIS ACCELEROMETER SENSOR DETECT LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION DURING CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 36, p. S351–S351.
• Hyler, Stefan; Pischke, Søren Erik; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Hestenes, Siv Merete & Bergsland, Jacob [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Systolic and postsystolic velocities quantify low grade myocardial ischaemia by a miniaturized epicardial ultrasonic sensor. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 45–45.
• Hestenes, Siv Merete; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Skulstad, Helge; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Hyler, Stefan & Bugge, Jan F [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). Right ventricular strain reduction in an experimental model of sepsis is closely related to increasing afterload conditions. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 747–748.
• Gjesdal, Ola; Remme, Espen; Opdahl, Anders; Skulstad, Helge; Russell, Kristoffer & Kongsgård, Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Preejection tug of war between early-activated septum and late-activated lateral wall in left bundle branch block. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 407–407.
• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Skulstad, Helge; Kerans, Viesturs; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Opdahl, Anders & Bugge, Jan F [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Moderate hypothermia causes increased left ventricular wall stiffness and delayed filling in a porcine model. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 123–123.
• Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Kerans, Viesturs; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Opdahl, Anders; Bugge, Jan F & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Impaired diastolic filling reduces the frequency force reserve during therapeutic hypothermia in an experimental model. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 724–724.
• Russell, Kristoffer; Remme, Espen; Gjesdal, Ola; Opdahl, Anders; Skulstad, Helge & Kongsgård, Erik [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2010). Evaluation of left ventricular electrical dyssynchrony by onset of myocardial shortening: rate of LV pressure rise is an important confounder. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31, p. 875–875.
• Boe, E; Russell, Kristoffer; Remme, Espen W.; Gjesdal, Ola; Opdahl, Anders & Smiseth, Otto A. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2010). Dyssynchrony in regional and global acute ischemia: mechanical or electrical? European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31(Supp. 1), p. 407–407.
• Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Dahlslett, Thomas; Uchto, Michael & Hoi, P K [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2010). Circumferential strain by echocardiography identifies acute occlusions in non ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31(Supp. 1), p. 1061–1061.
• Grenne, Bjørnar Leangen; Eek, Christian; Sjøli, Benthe; Dahlslett, Thomas; Hol, Per Kristian & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2010). A simplified 6 segments model of circumferential strain by echocardiography reflects LV infarct size in NSTEMI. European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 31(Supp. 1), p. 1069–1069.
• Hyler, S; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas; Hoff, Lars; Edvardsen, T. & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). REAL TIME MONITORING OF LEFT VENTRICULAR PERFORMANCE WITH AN EPICARDIAL ACCELEROMETER SENSOR. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. p. 236–236. Show summary

  INTRODUCTION. Left ventricular stroke work (LVSW) measured with a pulmonary artery catheter is considered the clinical gold standard method for assessment of global cardiac function. However, only intermittent measurements are achievable by the use of this technique. A miniaturized accelerometer sensor provides continuous real time information of myocardial movement and has shown excellent ability for continuous detection of myocardial ischemia. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether measures from an epicardial accelerometer sensor could represent LVSW. CONCLUSION. Alterations in circumferential peak systolic velocities measured by an epicardial accelerometer were closely correlated to changes in LVSW during interventions affecting global cardiac function. Peak systolic velocity generated from an epicardial accelerometer sensor could therefore be used to quantify LV performance continuously and in real time. This technique may be a powerful tool for continuous monitoring of myocardial contraction during and after cardiac surgery.

• Hyler, Stefan; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Espinoza, Andreas Westenvik; Hoff, L; Edvardsen, Thor & Skulstad, Helge [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2009). REAL TIME MONITORING OF LEFT VENTRICULAR PERFORMANCE WITH AN EPICARDIAL ACCELEROMETER SENSOR. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 35, p. 236–236.

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