Kjetil Sunde

• Karlsen, Hilde; Strand-Amundsen, Runar James; Skaare, Christiane; Eriksen, Morten Tandberg; Skulberg, Vidar Magne & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). Cerebral perfusion and metabolism with mild hypercapnia vs. normocapnia in a porcine post cardiac arrest model with and without targeted temperature management. Resuscitation Plus. ISSN 2666-5204. 18. doi: 10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100604.
• Flæten, Øystein Øygarden; Stafseth, Siv Anna Ulla-Britt Karlsson; Vinje, Hilde; Johansen, Edda Aslaug; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Incidence, characteristics, and associated factors of pressure injuries acquired in intensive care units over a 12-month period: A secondary analysis of a quality improvement project. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 81, p. 1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103587. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To determine the 12-month cumulative incidence, characteristics, and associated factors of pressure injuries acquired in Intensive Care Units. Setting: Four intensive care units in a Norwegian University Hospital. Research methodology: A prospective observational cohort study using data from daily skin inspections during a quality improvement project. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Variables associated with the development of intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries are presented with odds ratios (OR), and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The 12-month cumulative incidence of patients (N = 594) developing intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries was 29 % (172/594) for all categories and 16 % (95/594) when excluding category I pres- sure injuries (no skin loss). Cumulative incidence for patients acquiring medical device-related pressure injuries was 15 % (91/594) and 11 % (64/594) for category II or worse. Compression stockings (n = 51) and nasogastric tubes (n = 22) were the most frequent documented medical devices related to pressure injuries. Development of pressure injuries category II or worse was significantly associated with vasoactive drug infusions (OR 11.84, 95 % CI [1.59; 88.13]) and longer intensive care unit length of stay (OR 1.06, 95 % CI [1.04; 1.08]). Conclusion: The 12-month cumulative incidence of intensive care unit-acquired pressure injuries was relatively high when category I pressure injuries were included, but comparable to other studies when category I was excluded. Some medical device-related pressure injuries were surprisingly frequent, and these may be prevented. However, associated factors of developing pressure injuries were present and deemed non-modifiable. Implications for clinical practice: Awareness about pressure injury prevention is needed in the intensive care unit considering high incidences. Nurses can detect category I pressure injuries early, which may be reversed. Our findings show several factors that clinicians can control to reduce the risk of pressure injuries in the intensive care unit.

• Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Stensønes, Stine Håheim; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Lundqvist, Christofer; Andersen, Geir Øystein & Drægni, Tomas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Outcome prediction in comatose cardiac arrest patients with initial shockable and non-shockable rhythms. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. doi: 10.1111/aas.14337. Full text in Research Archive
• REICHENBACH, ANTJE; Alteheld, Lars Holger; Henriksen, Julia; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Andersen, Geir Øystein & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Transcranial Doppler during the first week after cardiac arrest and association with 6-month outcomes. Frontiers in Neurology. ISSN 1664-2295. 14. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1222401. Full text in Research Archive
• Oddo, Mauro; Taccone, Fabio S; Petrosino, Matteo; Badenes, Rafael; Blandino-Ortiz, Aaron & Bouzat, Pierre [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). The Neurological Pupil index for outcome prognostication in people with acute brain injury (ORANGE): a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Neurology. ISSN 1474-4422. 22(10), p. 925–933. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00271-5.
• Melberg, Mathias; Flaa, Arnljot; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Sunde, Kjetil; Bellomo, Rinaldo & Eastwood, Glenn [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Cardiovascular changes induced by targeted mild hypercapnia after out of hospital cardiac arrest. A sub-study of the TAME cardiac arrest trial. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109970. Full text in Research Archive
• Petosic, Antonija; Berntzen, Helene; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans Kristian; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde (2023). Use of Facebook in a quality improvement campaign to increase adherence to guidelines in intensive care: A qualitative study of nurses’ and physicians’ experiences. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 78. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103475. Full text in Research Archive
• Austenå, Mona; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Valsø, Åse; Sunde, Kjetil & Tøien, Kirsti (2023). Return to work during first year after intensive care treatment and the impact of demographic, clinical and psychosocial factors. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. 76. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103384. Full text in Research Archive
• Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Lundqvist, Christofer; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Henriksen, Julia & Drægni, Tomas [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Changes in health status and health related quality of life from six months to five years in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors – A NORCAST sub study. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 181, p. 182–189. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.08.019. Full text in Research Archive
• Hauff, Tonje; Petosic, Antonija; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Wøien, Hilde; Sunde, Kjetil & Stafseth, Siv Anna Ulla-Britt Karlsson (2022). Patient mobilisation in the intensive care unit and evaluation of a multifaceted intervention including Facebook groups: A quasi-experimental study. Intensive & Critical Care Nursing. ISSN 0964-3397. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103315. Full text in Research Archive
• Düring, Joachim; Annborn, Martin; Dankiewicz, Josef; Dupont, Allison; Forsberg, Sune & Friberg, Hans [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2022). Influence of circulatory shock at hospital admission on outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12310-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Thomas, Anub Mathew; Chaban, Viktoriia; Pischke, Soeren; Orrem, Hilde Lang; Bosnes, Vidar & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Complement ratios C3bc/C3 and sC5b-9/C5 do not increase the sensitivity of detecting acute complement activation systemically. Molecular Immunology. ISSN 0161-5890. 141, p. 273–279. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.11.016. Full text in Research Archive
• Chaban, Viktoriia; Nakstad, Espen R.; Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Schjalm, Camilla; Seljeflot, Ingebjørg & Vaage, Ingvar Jarle [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2021). Complement activation is associated with poor outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 166, p. 129–136. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.05.038. Full text in Research Archive
• Døving, Mats; Anandan, Steven; Rogne, Kjetil Gunmudson; Utheim, Tor Paaske; Brunborg, Cathrine & Galteland, Pål [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Cost Analysis of Open Surgical BedsideTracheostomy in Intensive CareUnit Patients. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. ISSN 0145-5613. doi: 10.1177/01455613211018578. Full text in Research Archive
• Petosic, Antonija; Småstuen, Milada C.; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans; Sunde, Kjetil & Wøien, Hilde (2021). Multifaceted intervention including Facebook-groups to improve guideline-adherence in ICU: A quasi-experimental interrupted time series study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 65(10), p. 1466–1474. doi: 10.1111/aas.13969. Full text in Research Archive
• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Puntillo, Kathleen; Skogstad, Laila & Bredal, Inger Schou [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Occurrence and characteristics of pain after ICU discharge: A longitudinal study. Nursing in Critical Care. ISSN 1362-1017. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12701.
• Skaare, Christiane; Karlsen, Hilde; Strand-Amundsen, Runar James; Eriksen, Morten; Skulberg, Vidar Magne & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Cerebral perfusion and metabolism with mean arterial pressure 90 vs. 60 mmHg in a porcine post cardiac arrest model with and without targeted temperature management. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.06.011. Full text in Research Archive
• Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Lundqvist, Christofer; Saltyte Benth, Jurate; Stavem, Knut; Andersen, Geir Øystein & Henriksen, Julia [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Health-related quality of life after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – a five-year follow-up study . Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 162, p. 372–380. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.036. Full text in Research Archive
• Alm-Kruse, Kristin; Sørensen, Gro; Osbakk, Svein Are; Sunde, Kjetil; Bendz, Bjørn & Andersen, Geir Øystein [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2021). Outcome in refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest before and after implementation of an ECPR protocol. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.01.038. Full text in Research Archive
• Peluso, Lorenzo; Abella, Benjamin S.; Ferrer, Ricard; Kucher, Nils; Sunde, Kjetil & Tacco Ne, Fabio S. (2020). Fever management in COVID-19 patients. Minerva Anestesiologica. ISSN 0375-9393. 87(1), p. 1–3. doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.20.15195-2.
• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Småstuen, Milada C; Ekeberg, Øivind; Skogstad, Laila & Bredal, Inger Schou [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Effect of Nurse-Led Consultations on Post-Traumatic Stress and Sense of Coherence in Discharged ICU Patients With Clinically Relevant Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 48(12), p. 1218–1225. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004628. Show summary

  Objectives: To investigate the effect of nurse-led consultations on reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms and increasing sense of coherence in discharged ICU patients with clinically relevant post-traumatic stress symptoms and to identify variables associated with symptoms 12 months later. Design: A pragmatic nonblinded randomized controlled trial. Settings: Five surgical and medical ICUs at Oslo University Hospital. Patients: Adult patients treated in the ICU greater than or equal to 24 hours were screened with Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B after ICU discharge. Those scoring greater than or equal to 25 were included in the study. Intervention: Patients randomized to intervention group were offered three nurse-led consultations within 2 months, and patients in the control group received standard care. Measurements and Main Results: Sense of Coherence Scale 13 and Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B were completed after inclusion, and reevaluated after 3, 6, and 12 months. Linear mixed model for repeated measures and linear regression analyses were performed. Among 523 screened patients, 111 and 113 were randomized to intervention group and control group, respectively. Mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score was 37 (±10) before randomization. No differences in post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence were found between intervention group versus control group, with a mean Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score 39 (95% CI, 37–41) versus 37 (95% CI, 35–39), 32 (95% CI, 28–35) versus 32 (95% CI, 29–35), 31 (95% CI, 28–34) versus 30 (95% CI, 27–33), and 31 (95% CI, 28–34) versus 29 (95% CI, 26–33) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. There was a significantly reduced Post-Traumatic Stress Scale 10 intensive part B score for both groups during the year (p = 0.001). Low sense of coherence, pain, and previous psychiatric problems were associated with increased level of post-traumatic stress symptoms at 12 months. Conclusions: Nurse-led consultations did not reveal any significant effect on post-traumatic stress symptoms or sense of coherence after ICU discharge in patients with clinically relevant symptoms.

• Andersen, Nina Gjerde; Mowinckel, Marie-Christine; Sunde, Kjetil; Sandset, Per Morten & Beitland, Sigrid (2020). Utility of coagulation analyses to assess thromboprophylaxis with dalteparin in intensive care unit patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. p. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/aas.13748. Full text in Research Archive
• Gundem, Trine; Olasveengen, Theresa M.; Hovda, Knut Erik; Gaustad, Knut; Schøndorf, Christina Luise & Rostrup, Morten [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2020). Ventilasjonsstotte for hypoksemiske intensivpasienter med covid-19. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 140(11), p. 1–10. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0445. Full text in Research Archive
• Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Henriksen, Julia; Alteheld, Lars Holger & REICHENBACH, ANTJE [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2020). Late awakening, prognostic factors and long-term outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – results of the prospective Norwegian Cardio-respiratory Arrest Study (NORCAST) . Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 149, p. 170–179. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.031.
• Bartlett, Emily S; Valenzuela, Terence; Idris, Ahamed; Deye, Nicolas; Glover, Guy & Gillies, Michael A. [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2019). Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravascular temperature management vs. surface cooling in comatose patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 146, p. 82–95. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.10.035. Full text in Research Archive
• Karlsen, Hilde; Bergan, Harald Arne; Halvorsen, Per Steinar; Sunde, Kjetil; Qvigstad, Eirik & Andersen, Geir Øystein [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Esmolol for cardioprotection during resuscitation with adrenaline in an ischaemic porcine cardiac arrest model. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 7(65), p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s40635-019-0279-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Valsø, Åse; Rustøen, Tone; Skogstad, Laila; Bredal, Inger Schou; Ekeberg, Øivind & Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Post-traumatic stress symptoms and sense of coherence in proximity to intensive care unit discharge. Nursing in Critical Care. ISSN 1362-1017. 25(2), p. 117–125. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12466.
• Petosic, Antonija; Sunde, Kjetil; Beeckman, Dimitri; Flaatten, Hans & Wøien, Hilde (2019). Use of social media for communicating about critical care topics: A Norwegian cross-sectional survey. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 63(10), p. 1398–1405. doi: 10.1111/aas.13449. Full text in Research Archive
• May, Teresa L.; Lary, Christine W.; Riker, Richard R.; Friberg, Hans; Patel, Nainesh & Søreide, Eldar [Show all 23 contributors for this article] (2019). Variability in functional outcome and treatment practices by treatment center after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: analysis of International Cardiac Arrest Registry. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 45(5), p. 637–646. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05580-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Beitland, Sigrid; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Berg, Jens Petter; Siebke, Anne-Marie; Brusletto, Berit Sletbakk & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Urine β-2-Microglobulin, Osteopontin, and Trefoil Factor 3 May Early Predict Acute Kidney Injury and Outcome after Cardiac Arrest. Critical Care Research and Practice. ISSN 2090-1305. 2019. doi: 10.1155/2019/4384796. Full text in Research Archive
• Søvik, Signe; Isachsen, Marie Susanna; Nordhuus, Kine Marie Byman; Tveiten, Christine Kooy; Eken, Torsten & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Acute kidney injury in trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 45(4), p. 407–419. doi: 10.1007/s00134-019-05535-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Lund-Kordahl, Inger; Mathiassen, Maria; Melau, Jørgen; Olasveengen, Theresa M.; Sunde, Kjetil & Fredriksen, Knut (2019). Relationship between level of CPR training, self-reported skills, and actual manikin test performance—an observational study. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1865-1372. 12(2). doi: 10.1186/s12245-018-0220-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Beitland, Sigrid; Wimmer, Rolf Henning; Lorentsen, Torleif; Jacobsen, Dag; Drægni, Tomas & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Venous thromboembolism in the critically ill: A prospective observational study of occurrence, risk factors and outcome. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 63(5), p. 630–638. doi: 10.1111/aas.13316. Full text in Research Archive
• Schjørring, Olav L.; Toft-Petersen, Anne Pernille; Kusk, Kathrine Hoffmann; Mouncey, Paul R.; Sørensen, Erik Elgaard & Berezowicz, Paweł S. [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2018). Intensive care doctors' preferences for arterial oxygen tension levels in mechanically ventilated patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 62(10), p. 1443–1451. doi: 10.1111/aas.13171.
• Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Sunde, Kjetil; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Eritsland, Jan & Andersen, Geir Øystein (2018). Comparison of three haemodynamic monitoring methods in comatose post cardiac arrest patients. Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. ISSN 1401-7431. 52(3), p. 141–148. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2018.1450992.
• Kvakkestad, Kristin Marie; Sandvik, Leiv; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Sunde, Kjetil & Halvorsen, Sigrun (2018). Long-term survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: A prospective cohort study. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 122, p. 41–47. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.11.047. Full text in Research Archive
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Berg, Robert A.; Callaway, Clifton W.; Morrison, Laurie J.; Nadkarni, Vinay & Perkins, Gavin D. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). The present and future of cardiac arrest care: international experts reach out to caregivers and healthcare authorities. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 44(6), p. 823–832. doi: 10.1007/s00134-018-5230-9.
• Storm, Christian; Nee, Jens; Sunde, Kjetil; Holzer, Michael; Hubner, Pia & Taccone, Fabio Silvio [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2017). A survey on general and temperature management of post cardiac arrest patients in large teaching and university hospitals in 14 European countries?The SPAME trial results. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 116, p. 84–90. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.03.038.
• Soar, Jasmeet; Nolan, Jerry P.; Böttiger, Bernd W.; Perkins, Gavin D.; Lott, Carsten & Carli, Pierre [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Adult advanced life support: Section 3 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015 [Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“) : Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council]. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin. ISSN 1434-6222. 20, p. 25–88. doi: 10.1007/s10049-017-0330-6.
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Soar, Jasmeet; Cariou, Alain; Cronberg, Tobias; Moulaert, Veronique R.M. & Deakin, Charles D. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). Postreanimationsbehandlung: Kapitel 5 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin. ISSN 1434-6222. 20(Suppl 1), p. 90–117. doi: 10.1007/s10049-017-0331-5.
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Berg, Robert A.; Bernard, Stephen; Bobrow, Bentley J.; Callaway, Clifton W. & Cronberg, Tobias [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2017). Intensive care medicine research agenda on cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. Published ahead of print, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4739-7.
• Cariou, Alain; Nolan, Jerry P. & Sunde, Kjetil (2017). Intensive care medicine in 2050: managing cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. Published ahead of print, p. 1–3. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4658-z.
• Hardeland, Camilla; Skaare, Christiane; Kramer-Johansen, Jo; Birkenes, Tonje Søraas; Myklebust, Helge & Hansen, Andreas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2017). Targeted simulation and education to improve cardiac arrest recognition and telephone assisted CPR in an emergency medical communication centre. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 114, p. 21–26. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.02.013.
• Beitland, Sigrid; Waldum-Grevbo, Bård Endre; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Berg, Jens Petter; Siebke, Anne-Marie & Brusletto, Berit Sletbakk [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Urine biomarkers give early prediction of acute kidney injury and outcome after outof- hospital cardiac arrest. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1503-2.
• Hardeland, Camilla; Sunde, Kjetil; Ramsdal, Helge Normann; Hebbert, Susan R.; Soilammi, Linda Christina & Westmark, Fredrik [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2016). Factors impacting upon timely and adequate allocation of prehospital medical assistance and resources to cardiac arrest patients. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 109, p. 56–63. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.09.027. Show summary

  Aim Explore, understand and address issues that impact upon timely and adequate allocation of prehospital medical assistance and resources to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients. Methods Mixed-methods design obtaining data for one year in three emergency medical communication centres (EMCC); Oslo-Akershus (OA), Vestfold-Telemark (VT) and Østfold (Ø). Data collection included quantitative data from analysis of dispatch logs, ambulance records and audio files. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and non-participant observations. Results OA-, VT- and Ø-EMCC responded to 1095 OHCAs and 579 of these calls were included for further analysis (333, 143 and 103, respectively). There were significant site differences in their recognition of OHCA (89, 94 and 78%, respectively, p < 0.001), provision of CPR instructions (83, 83 and 61%, respectively, p < 0.001), time from call answered to initial CPR instructions (1.4 min (1.2, 1.6), 1.1 min (0,9, 1.2) and 1.3 (1.2, 1.7) respectively, p = 0.002). The most frequent reason for delayed or failed recognition of OHCA was misinterpretation of agonal breathing. Interviews and observations revealed individual differences in protocol use, interrogation strategy and assessment of breathing. Use of protocol was only part of decision making, dispatchers trusted their own clinical experience and intuition, and used assumptions about the patient and the situation as part of decision making. Conclusion Agonal breathing continues to be the main barrier to recognition of cardiac arrest. Individual differences among dispatchers’ strategies can directly impact on performance, mainly due to the wide definition of cardiac arrest and lack of uniform tools for assessment of breathing.

• Beitland, Sigrid; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Drægni, Tomas; Andersen, Geir Øystein & Jacobsen, Dag [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Impact of acute kidney injury on patient outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 60(8), p. 1170–1181. doi: 10.1111/aas.12753.
• Tvinnereim, Are Bergsvein; Opdahl, Helge; Rostrup, Morten & Sunde, Kjetil (2015). En ung mann med luftveisinfeksjon og intense smerter. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 135(7), p. 658–661. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.1182.
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Soar, Jasmeet; Cariou, Alain; Cronberg, Tobias; Moulaert, Veronique R.M. & Deakin, Charles D. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Postreanimationsbehandlung: Kapitel 5 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin. ISSN 1434-6222. 18(8), p. 904–931. doi: 10.1007/s10049-015-0094-9.
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Soar, Jasmeet; Cariou, Alain; Cronberg, Tobias; Moulaert, Veronique R.M. & Deakin, Charles D. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine Guidelines for Post-resuscitation Care 2015. Section 5 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 95, p. 202–222. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.018.
• Nolan, Jerry P.; Soar, Jasmeet; Cariou, Alain; Cronberg, Tobias; Moulaert, Veronique R.M. & Deakin, Charles D. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). European Resuscitation Council and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine 2015 guidelines for post-resuscitation care. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 41(12), p. 2039–2056. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4051-3.
• Soar, Jasmeet; Nolan, Jerry P.; Böttiger, Bernd W.; Perkins, Gavin D.; Lott, Carsten & Carli, Pierre [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2015). European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015. Section 3. Adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 95, p. 100–147. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.016.
• Soar, Jasmeet; Nolan, Jerry P.; Böttiger, Bernd W.; Perkins, Gavin D.; Lott, Carsten & Carli, Pierre [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2015). Erweiterte Reanimationsmaßnahmen für Erwachsene („adult advanced life support“): Kapitel 3 der Leitlinien zur Reanimation 2015 des European Resuscitation Council [Adult advanced life support: Section 3 of the European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015]. Notfall & Rettungsmedizin. ISSN 1434-6222. 18(8), p. 770–832. doi: 10.1007/s10049-015-0085-x.
• Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Fossum, Eigil; Mangschau, Arild; Eritsland, Jan & Drægni, Tomas [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2015). Post-Resuscitation ECG for Selection of Patients for Immediate Coronary Angiography in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions. ISSN 1941-7640. 8(10). doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.002784.
• Seder, David B.; Sunde, Kjetil; Rubertsson, Sten; Mooney, Michael; Stammet, Pascal & Riker, Richard R. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2015). Neurologic outcomes and postresuscitation care of patients with myoclonus following cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 43(5), p. 965–972. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000880.
• Cariou, Alain; Nolan, Jerry P. & Sunde, Kjetil (2015). Ten strategies to increase survival of cardiac arrest patients. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 41(10), p. 1820–1823. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3788-z.
• Kudenchuk, Peter James; Sandroni, Claudio; Drinhaus, Hendrik R.; Böttiger, Bernd W.; Cariou, Alain & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2015). Breakthrough in cardiac arrest: reports from the 4th Paris International Conference. Annals of Intensive Care. ISSN 2110-5820. 5:22. doi: 10.1186/s13613-015-0064-x.
• Gagnon, David J.; Nielsen, Niklas; Fraser, Gilles L.; Riker, Richard R.; Dziodzio, John & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2015). Prophylactic antibiotics are associated with a lower incidence of pneumonia in cardiac arrest survivors treated with targeted temperature management. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 92, p. 154–159. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.01.035.
• Beitland, Sigrid; Sandven, Irene; Kjærvik, Lill-Kristin Krohn; Sandset, Per Morten; Sunde, Kjetil & Eken, Torsten (2015). Thromboprophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in intensive care patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 41(7), p. 1209–1219. doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3840-z.
• Karlsson, Viktor; Dankiewicz, Josef; Nielsen, Niklas; Kern, Karl B.; Mooney, Michael R. & Riker, Richard R. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2015). Association of gender to outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest - a report from the International Cardiac Arrest Registry. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 19:182. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0904-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Sunde, Kjetil (2014). Terapeutisk hypotermi etter hjertestans - en oppdatering. Hjerteforum. ISSN 0802-1465. 27(3), p. 29–37.
• Dankiewicz, Jozef; Schmidbauer, Simon; Nielsen, Niklas; Kern, Karl B.; Mooney, Michael & Stammet, Pascal [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2014). Safety, feasibility, and outcomes of induced hypothermia therapy following in-hospital cardiac arrest-evaluation of a large prospective registry. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 42(12), p. 2537–2545. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000543.
• Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Sunde, Kjetil; Olasveengen, Theresa M.; Jacobsen, Dag; Drægni, Tomas & Nakstad, Espen Rostrup [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia is associated with good neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 42(11), p. 2401–2408. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000515.
• Beitland, Sigrid; Os, Ingrid & Sunde, Kjetil (2014). Primary Injuries and Secondary Organ Failures in Trauma Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Treated with Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy. Scientifica. ISSN 2090-908X. 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/235215. Full text in Research Archive
• Beitland, Sigrid; Platou, Eivind S & Sunde, Kjetil (2014). Drug-induced long QT syndrome and fatal arrhythmias in the intensive care unit. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 58(3), p. 266–272. doi: 10.1111/aas.12257.
• Sunde, Kjetil & Olasveengen, Theresa M. (2014). Towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation without vasoactive drugs. Current Opinion in Critical Care. ISSN 1070-5295. 20(3), p. 234–241. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000082.
• Karlis, G.; Iacovidou, N.; Lelovas, P.; Niforopoulou, P.; Zacharioudaki, A. & Papalois, A. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2014). Effects of early amiodarone administration during and immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a swine model. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 58(1), p. 114–122. doi: 10.1111/aas.12226.
• Sunde, Kjetil (2013). SOPs and the right hospitals to improve outcome after cardiac arrest. Bailliere's Best Practice & Research. Clinical Anaesthesiology. ISSN 1521-6896. 27(3), p. 373–381. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2013.07.009.
• Lindner, Thomas Werner; Langørgen, Jørund; Sunde, Kjetil; Larsen, Alf Inge; Kvaløy, Jan Terje & Heltne, Jon-Kenneth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2013). Factors predicting the use of therapeutic hypothermia and survival in unconscious out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients admitted to the ICU. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 17. doi: 10.1186/cc12826.
• Søreide, Eldar; Morrison, Laurie J.; Hillman, Kenneth; Monsieurs, Koenraad; Sunde, Kjetil & Zideman, David [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2013). The formula for survival in resuscitation. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 84(11), p. 1487–1493. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.07.020.
• Qvigstad, Eric; Kramer-Johansen, Jo; TØMTE, ØYSTEIN; Skålhegg, Tore; Sørensen, Øyvard & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Clinical pilot study of different hand positions during manual chest compressions monitored with capnography. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 84(9), p. 1203–1207. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2013.03.010.
• Sunde, Kjetil & Steen, Petter Andreas (2012). The Use of Vasopressor Agents During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Critical care clinics. ISSN 0749-0704. 28(2), p. 189–+. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2011.10.014.
• Heradstveit, Bård Einar; Sunde, Kjetil; Sunde, Geir Arne; Wentzel-Larsen, Tore & Heltne, Jon-Kenneth (2012). Factors complicating interpretation of capnography during advanced life support in cardiac arrest-A clinical retrospective study in 575 patients. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 83(7), p. 813–818. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.02.021. Show summary

  Background End tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitoring during advanced life support (ALS) using capnography, is recommended in the latest international guidelines. However, several factors might complicate capnography interpretation during ALS. How the cause of cardiac arrest, initial rhythm, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and time impact on the ETCO2 values are not completely clear. Thus, we wanted to explore this in out-of-hospital cardiac arrested (OHCA) patients. Methods The study was carried out by the Emergency Medical Service of Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. All non-traumatic OHCAs treated by our service between January 2004 and December 2009 were included. Capnography was routinely used in the study, and these data were retrospectively reviewed together with Utstein data and other clinical information. Results Our service treated 918 OHCA patients, and capnography data were present in 575 patients. Capnography distinguished well between patients with or without return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) for any initial rhythm and cause of the arrest (p<0.001). Cardiac arrests with a respiratory cause had significantly higher levels of ETCO2 compared to primary cardiac causes (p<0.001). Bystander CPR affected ETCO2-recordings, and the ETCO2 levels declined with time. Conclusions Capnography is a useful tool to optimise and individualise ALS in cardiac arrested patients. Confounding factors including cause of cardiac arrest, initial rhythm, bystander CPR and time from cardiac arrest until quantitative capnography had an impact on the ETCO2 values, thereby complicating and limiting prognostic interpretation of capnography during ALS.

• Olasveengen, Theresa Mariero; Wik, Lars; Sunde, Kjetil & Steen, Petter Andreas (2012). Outcome when adrenaline (epinephrine) was actually given vs. not given - post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 83(3), p. 327–332. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.11.011.
• Beitland, Sigrid; Sunde, Kjetil; Moen, Harald & Os, Ingrid (2012). Variability in Uremic Control during Continuous Venovenous Hemodiafiltration in Trauma Patients. Critical Care Research and Practice. ISSN 2090-1305. doi: 10.1155/2012/869237.
• Sunde, Kjetil & Søreide, Eldar (2011). Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: where are we now? Current Opinion in Critical Care. ISSN 1070-5295. 17(3), p. 247–253. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283453210.
• Nielsen, Niklas; Sunde, Kjetil; Hovdenes, Jan; Riker, Richard R.; Rubertsson, Sten & Stammet, Pascal [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2011). Adverse events and their relation to mortality in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 39(1), p. 57–64. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181fa4301.
• Bjørshol, Conrad; Sunde, Kjetil; Myklebust, Helge; Assmus, Jørg & Søreide, Eldar (2011). Decay in chest compression quality due to fatigue is rare during prolonged advanced life support in a manikin model. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 19. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-19-46.
• TØMTE, ØYSTEIN; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Jacobsen, Dag; Drægni, Tomas; Auestad, Bjørn & Sunde, Kjetil (2011). Strong and weak aspects of an established post-resuscitation treatment protocol-A five-year observational study. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 82(9), p. 1186–1193. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.05.003.
• TØMTE, ØYSTEIN; Drægni, Tomas; Mangschau, Arild; Jacobsen, Dag; Auestad, Bjørn & Sunde, Kjetil (2011). A comparison of intravascular and surface cooling techniques in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 39(3), p. 443–449. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206b80f.

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• Steen, Petter Andreas; Sunde, Kjetil; Murray, Michael J; Harrison, Barry A; Mueller, Jeff T & Rose, Steven H [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2014). Advanced cardiac life support i bok: Faust´s Anesthesiology Review. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4377-1369-5. 2 p.

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• Behringer, Wilhelm; Abella, Benjamin & Sunde, Kjetil (2021). Meta-analyses of targeted temperature management in adult cardiac arrest studies – The big picture is dependent on study selection. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 169, p. 223–224. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.09.040.
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• Alm-Kruse, Kristin; Sunde, Kjetil; Sørensen, Gro; Andersen, Geir Øystein; Osbakk, Svein Are & Kramer-Johansen, Jo (2018). Outcome in potential candidates for extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation after refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with conventional advanced life support . Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 130. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.07.352.
• Beitland, Sigrid & Sunde, Kjetil (2018). Guidelines for post-resuscitation care should include management of acute kidney injury and use of renal replacement therapy. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 126. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.02.013..
• Søvik, Signe; Isachsen, Marie Susanna; Nordhuus, Kine Marie Byman; Tveiten, Christine Kooy; Eken, Torsten & Sunde, Kjetil [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Acute kidney injury in trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 6, p. 474–474. doi: 10.1186/s40635-018-0201-6.
• Beitland, Sigrid; Nakstad, Espen Rostrup; Berg, Jens Petter; Trøseid, Anne-Marie Siebke; Brusletto, Berit Sletbakk & Brunborg, Cathrine [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Urine biomarkers may early predict acute kidney injury and outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Medicine Experimental. ISSN 2197-425X. 6. doi: 10.1186/s40635-018-0201-6.
• Callway, Clifton W. & Sunde, Kjetil (2017). Authors' response: Overcautious adoption of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emergency Medicine Journal. ISSN 1472-0205. 34(8), p. 558–558. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2017-206917.
• Callaway, Clifton W. & Sunde, Kjetil (2017). Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation probably good, but adoption should not be too fast and furious! . Emergency Medicine Journal. ISSN 1472-0205. 34(5), p. 275–276. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2016-206442.
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• Gaarder, Christine & Sunde, Kjetil (2016). The multidisciplinary nature of trauma care: Also in the intensive care unit. Current Opinion in Critical Care. ISSN 1070-5295. 22(6), p. 560–562. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000368.
• Sunde, Kjetil & Andersen, Geir Øystein (2016). Prediction of outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest already on hospital admission-not reliable enough to be true! European Heart Journal. ISSN 0195-668X. 37(42), p. 3229–3231. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv490.
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• Stær-Jensen, Henrik; Sunde, Kjetil & Andersen, Geir Øystein (2015). The authors reply. Critical Care Medicine. ISSN 0090-3493. 43(3). doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000812.
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• Cariou, Alain & Sunde, Kjetil (2014). Cold fluids during cardiac arrest: faster cooling but not better outcome! Intensive Care Medicine. ISSN 0342-4642. 40(12), p. 3536–3539. doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3536-9.
• Sunde, Kjetil (2013). Therapeutic hypothermia in cardiac arrest. Revista Española de Cardiología. ISSN 0300-8932. 66(5), p. 346–349. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2012.10.004.
• Sunde, Kjetil (2012). Rewarming after therapeutic hypothermia. Resuscitation. ISSN 0300-9572. 83(8), p. 930–931. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.019.
• Qvigstad, Eric; TØMTE, ØYSTEIN; Sunde, Kjetil; Skålhegg, Tore; Sørensen, Øyvard & Kramer-Johansen, Jo [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2011). Changing hand position during manual chest compressions in cardiac arrest affects the hemodynamic response: a clinical pilot study. Circulation. ISSN 0009-7322. 124.

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