Linda Sagedal

• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Employing fasting plasma glucose to safely limit the use of oral glucose tolerance tests in pregnancy: a pooled analysis of four Norwegian studies. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 14. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1278523. Full text in Research Archive
• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Adverse pregnancy outcomes among women in Norway with gestational diabetes using three diagnostic criteria. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 18(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280750. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction The aim of this study was to examine the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in women diagnosed with GDM by the World Health Organization (WHO) 1999 criteria, and in those retrospectively identified by the Norwegian-2017 and WHO-2013 criteria but not by WHO-1999 criteria. We also examine the effect of maternal overweight/obesity and ethnicity. Material and methods We used pooled data from four Norwegian cohorts (2002–2013), encompassing 2970 mother-child pairs. Results from universally offered 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests measuring fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour glucose (2HG) were used to assign women into three diagnostic groups: Diagnosed and treated by WHO-1999 (FPG≥7.0 or (2HG ≥7.8 mmol/L), identified by WHO-2013 (FPG ≥5.1 or 2HG ≥8.5 mmol/L), and identified by Norwegian-2017 criteria (FPG ≥5.3 or 2HG ≥9.0 mmol/L). Perinatal outcomes included large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants, cesarean section, operative vaginal delivery, preterm birth and preeclampsia. Results Compared to the non-GDM group, women diagnosed with GDM by either of the three criteria had an increased risk of large-for-gestational-age infants (adjusted odds ratios (OR) 1.7–2.2). Those identified by the WHO-2013 and Norwegian-2017 criteria but not diagnosed and treated by WHO-1999 criteria had an additional increased risk of cesarean section (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02,1.83 and 1.44, 95% CI 1.03,2.02, respectively) and operative vaginal delivery (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.1,1.7 and 1.5, 95% CI 1.1,2.0, respectively). The proportions of LGA neonates and cesarean section were higher for women with GDM in both normal-weight and overweight/obese women. Asians had a lower risk of delivering large-for-gestational-age infants than Europeans applying national birthweight references, but maternal glucose values were similarly positively associated with birthweight in all ethnic groups. Conclusions Women who met the WHO-2013 and Norwegian-2017 criteria, but were not diagnosed by the WHO-1999 criteria and therefore not treated, had an increased risk of LGA, cesarean section and operative vaginal delivery compared to women without GDM.

• Stalheim, Astrid Melteig; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Seasonal variation in gestational diabetes mellitus among women in Norway: a national population-based study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 13(3), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063725. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives Previous research on seasonal variation in the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has shown inconclusive results. Furthermore, little is known about whether a seasonal variation in GDM might be associated with the maternal country of birth. We examined whether there was seasonal variation in GDM incidence by the maternal country background. Design National population-based registry study. Setting and participants We used national population-based data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), n=1 443 857 (1990–2016) and data from four merged community-based studies (4GDM) with universal screening for GDM, n=2 978 (2002–2013). Outcome measures The association between season of pregnancy onset with incidence of GDM was examined separately in both datasets using logistic regression analyses, stratified by the mother’s country background using two broad geographical categories (MBRN: Norwegian and immigrant; 4GDM: European and African/Asian ethnicity). Winter season was used as reference category. Results The incidence of GDM in MBRN was highest when the pregnancy started during the winter (Norwegian-born: 1.21%; immigrants: 3.32%) and lowest when pregnancy started during the summer for both Norwegian and immigrant women (Norwegian-born: 1.03% (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.98); immigrants: 2.99% (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.96)). The 4GDM data showed that women with European ancestry had the highest incidence of GDM when pregnancy started during autumn (10.7%, OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.46) and winter (10.6%), while ethnic African and Asian women had the highest incidence when pregnancy onset was during the summer (15.3%, OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.53). Conclusions Based on national population-based data, this study suggests that GDM incidence varies by season in both Norwegian-born and immigrant women. The 4GDM dataset did not show a clear seasonal variation in GDM incidence, possibly due to the relatively small sample. Causes for the seasonal variation in GDM should be explored further.

• Rai, Anam Shakil; Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Lekva, Tove [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Identifying women with gestational diabetes based on maternal characteristics: an analysis of four Norwegian prospective studies. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12884-021-04086-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Sagedal, Linda R.; Bere, Elling & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2021). Family meal participation is associated with dietary intake among 12-month-olds in Southern Norway. BMC Pediatrics. ISSN 1471-2431. 21. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02591-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Munk, Ane Cecilie Dæhli; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Krogedal, Turid Stavseth; McFadzean, Ida & Oommen, Hanna (2020). Fødende risikopasient med covid-19. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 140(11), p. 1–4. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0425.
• O'Brien, Eileen C.; Segurado, Ricardo; Geraghty, Aisling A.; Alberdi, Goiuri; Rogozinska, Ewelina & Astrup, Arne [Show all 50 contributors for this article] (2019). Impact of maternal education on response to lifestyle interventions to reduce gestational weight gain: individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 9:e025620(8), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025620. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objectives: To identify if maternal educational attainment is a prognostic factor for gestational weight gain (GWG), and to determine the differential effects of lifestyle interventions (diet based, physical activity based or mixed approach) on GWG, stratified by educational attainment. Design: Individual participant data meta-analysis using the previously established International Weight Management in Pregnancy (i-WIP) Collaborative Group database (https://iwipgroup.wixsite.com/collaboration). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data Statement guidelines were followed. Data sources: Major electronic databases, from inception to February 2017. Eligibility criteria: Randomised controlled trials on diet and physical activity-based interventions in pregnancy. Maternal educational attainment was required for inclusion and was categorised as higher education (≥tertiary) or lower education (≤secondary). Risk of bias: Cochrane risk of bias tool was used. Data synthesis: Principle measures of effect were OR and regression coefficient. Results: Of the 36 randomised controlled trials in the i-WIP database, 21 trials and 5183 pregnant women were included. Women with lower educational attainment had an increased risk of excessive (OR 1.182; 95% CI 1.008 to 1.385, p =0.039) and inadequate weight gain (OR 1.284; 95% CI 1.045 to 1.577, p =0.017). Among women with lower education, diet basedinterventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.515; 95% CI 0.339 to 0.785, p = 0.002) and inadequate weight gain (OR 0.504; 95% CI 0.288 to 0.884, p=0.017), and reduced kg/week gain (B −0.055; 95% CI −0.098 to −0.012, p=0.012). Mixed interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain for women with lower education (OR 0.735; 95% CI 0.561 to 0.963, p=0.026). Among women with high education, diet based interventions reduced risk of excessive weight gain (OR 0.609; 95% CI 0.437 to 0.849, p=0.003), and mixed interventions reduced kg/week gain (B −0.053; 95% CI −0.069 to −0.037,p<0.001). Physical activity based interventions did not impact GWG when stratified by education. Conclusions: Pregnant women with lower education are at an increased risk of excessive and inadequate GWG. Diet based interventions seem the most appropriate choice for these women, and additional support through mixed interventions may also be beneficial.

• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling Tufte; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Torstveit, Monica Klungland [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Pre-pregnancy and early pregnancy dietary behavior in relation to maternal and newborn health in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study - a post hoc observational analysis. Food & Nutrition Research (FNR). ISSN 1654-6628. 62. doi: 10.29219/fnr.v62.1273. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanda, Birgitte; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2018). What is the effect of physical activity on duration and mode of delivery? Secondary analysis from the Norwegian Fit for Delivery trial. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-6349. 97(7), p. 861–871. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13351. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: The beneficial effects of physical activity during pregnancy for the mother and offspring have been reported by several studies but there are conflicting results concerning the possible effect of physical activity on the course of labor and risk of cesarean delivery. This study presents secondary analyses from the Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomized controlled trial, aiming at studying the effect of a lifestyle intervention including group exercise classes, as well as the possible influence of physical activity level in late pregnancy, on labor outcomes. Material and methods: Healthy nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy were randomized to an intervention group, n = 303 (dietary counseling and twice‐weekly exercise classes) or a control group, n = 303 (standard care). The participants were analyzed both by randomization and as a cohort comparing women with lowest (quartile 1, 0 metabolic equivalent of task‐hours moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity/week) (n = 140) vs. highest (quartile 4, ≥16 metabolic equivalent of task‐hours moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity/week) (n = 131) physical activity level in late pregnancy, assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Result: The intervention group had a longer first stage of labor compared with the control group (293 ± 202 min vs. 257 ± 181 min, p = 0.030). No differences between the randomization groups were seen for time spent in second stage of labor, prolonged labor or mode of delivery. In the total sample, women with the highest physical activity level had lower odds ratio (OR) of acute cesarean delivery (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11–0.97, p = 0.044) than did those with the lowest physical activity‐level. Conclusion: A significantly longer first stage of labor was observed in the intervention group than in the control group. A high physical activity level in late pregnancy was associated with lower odds of acute cesarean delivery compared with a low physical activity level.

• Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2018). How does a lifestyle intervention during pregnancy influence perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity? The Norwegian fit for delivery study, a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 18(127). doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-1771-8. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: To develop effective health promotional and preventive prenatal programs, it is important to understand perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy, including exercise and sport participation. The aims of the present study was 1) to assess the effect of prenatal lifestyle intervention on the perceived barrier to leisure-time physical activity during pregnancy and the first year after delivery and 2) identify the most important perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity at multiple time points during and after pregnancy. Methods: This secondary analysis was part of the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study, a combined lifestyle intervention evaluated in a blinded, randomized controlled trial. Healthy, nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy of ≤20 gestational weeks, age ≥ 18 years and body mass index ≥19 kg/m2 were recruited via healthcare clinics in southern Norway, including urban and rural settings. Participants were randomized to either twice-weekly supervised exercise sessions and nutritional counselling (n = 303) or standard prenatal care (n = 303). The principal analysis was based on the participants who completed the standardized questionnaire assessing their perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity at inclusion (gestational week 16, n = 589) and following intervention (gestational week 36, n = 509), as well as six months (n = 470) and 12 months (n = 424) postpartum. Results: Following intervention (gestation week 35.4 ± 1.0), a significant between-group difference in perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity was found with respect to time constraints: “... I do not have the time” (intervention: 22 vs. control: 38, p = 0.030), mother-child safety concerns: “... afraid to harm the baby” (intervention: 8 vs. control: 25, p = 0.002) and self-efficacy: “... I do not believe/think that I can do it” (intervention: 3 vs. control: 10, p = 0.050). No positive effect was seen at postpartum follow-up. Intrapersonal factors (lack of time, energy and interest) were the most frequently perceived barriers, and consistent over time among all participants. Conclusion: The intervention had effect on intrapersonal perceived barriers in pregnancy, but not in the postpartum period. Perceived barriers to leisure-time physical activity were similar from early pregnancy to 12 months postpartum.

• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Seland, Siv; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Preeclampsia and gestational weight gain in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery trial. BMC Research Notes. ISSN 1756-0500. 11(282). doi: 10.1186/s13104-018-3396-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanda, Birgitte; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2017). Effect of a prenatal lifestyle intervention on physical activity level in late pregnancy and the first year postpartum. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188102. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Despite documented health benefits for mother and baby, physical activity (PA)-level tends to decline in pregnancy. Overweight/obese and physically inactive women are two selected groups at increased risk of pregnancy complications. Thus, efficient strategies to maintain or increase PA-level in pregnancy and the postpartum period, especially among these women, are warranted. This secondary analysis examined the effect of a prenatal lifestyle-intervention on PA-level in late pregnancy and the first year postpartum, with subanalysis on initially physically active versus inactive and normal-weight versus overweight/obese women. Method: The Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) randomized controlled trial included healthy primiparous women with singleton pregnancies and body mass index (BMI) ≥19 kg/m2 assigned to an intervention group, n = 303 (twice weekly group-exercises and dietary counseling) or a control group, n = 303 (standard prenatal care). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire short-form was used to assess PA-levels at inclusion (mean gestational week (GW) 16), GW 36, and six and 12 months postpartum. Results: At GW 36, a positive intervention-effect with a significant between-group difference in total PA-level compared to time of inclusion was found for the total group (530 MET-min/week, p = 0.001) and the subgroups of normal-weight (533 MET-min/week, p = 0.003) and initially active women (717 MET-min/week, p<0.001). Intervention-effect was dependent on exercise-adherence among overweight/obese and inactive women. Compared to time of inclusion, the intervention groups maintained total PA-level at GW 36, while total PA-level decreased in the control groups. The PA-levels increased postpartum, but with no significant differences between the randomization groups. Conclusion: The NFFD prenatal combined lifestyle intervention had a significant effect on TPA-level in late pregnancy among women entering pregnancy normal-weight or physically active, thereby preventing the downward trend typically seen during pregnancy. Intervention-effect among overweight/obese and physically inactive women was, however, dependent on exercise-adherence. Long-term intervention-effect was not observed in the postpartum period.

• Rogozińska, Ewelina; Marlin, Nadine; Jackson, Louise; Rayanagoudar, Girish; Ruifrok, Anneloes E. & Dodds, Julie [Show all 57 contributors for this article] (2017). Effects of antenatal diet and physical activity on maternal and fetal outcomes: Individual patient data meta-analysis and health economic evaluation. Health Technology Assessment. ISSN 1366-5278. 21:41, p. 1–194. doi: 10.3310/hta21410. Full text in Research Archive
• Sanda, Birgitte; Vistad, Ingvild; Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Berntsen, Sveinung; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2017). Reliability and concurrent validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form among pregnant women. BMC sports science, medicine and rehabilitation. ISSN 2052-1847. 9:7, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13102-017-0070-4. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: The International Physical Activity Questionnaire short-form (IPAQ-SF) is frequently used to assess physical activity (PA) level in the general adult population including pregnant women. However, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire in pregnancy is unknown. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to investigate test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of IPAQ-SF among pregnant women, and whether PA is reported differently among those who fulfill (active) vs. do not fulfill (inactive) recommendations of ≥150 min of weekly moderate intensity PA in pregnancy. Method: Test-retest reliability was examined by answering IPAQ-SF twice, two weeks apart (n = 88). To assess validity, IPAQ-SF was compared to the physical activity monitor SenseWear Armband® (SWA) (n = 64). The participants wore SWA for 8 consecutive days before answering IPAQ-SF. PA level was reported as time spent in moderate-, vigorous- and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MPA, VPA and MVPA) corresponding to the cut-off points 3–6, >6 and >3 Metabolic Equivalents (METs), respectively. Results: Test-retest intraclass-correlation of MPA, VPA and MVPA ranged from 0.81-0.84 (95% Confidence Intervals: 0.69,0.90). Comparing time spent performing PA at various intensities; the mean differences and limits of agreement (±1.96 Standard Deviation) from Bland-Altman plots were−84 ± 402 min/week for MPA,−85 ± 452 min/week for MVPA and 26 ± 78 min/week for VPA, illustrating that the total group under-reported MPA by 72% and MVPA by 52%, while VPA was over-reported by 1400%. For the inactive group corresponding numbers were 44 ± 327 min/week for MPA, 52 ± 355 min/week for MVPA and 16 ± 33 min/week for VPA, illustrating that the inactive group over-reported MPA by 13% and MVPA by 49%, while VPA was not detected by SWA, but participants reported 16 min of VPA/week. In contrast, corresponding numbers for the active group were−197 ± 326 min/week for MPA,−205 ± 396 min/week for MVPA and 35 ± 85 min/week for VPA, illustrating that the active group under-reported MPA by 81% and MVPA by 60%, while they over-reported VPA by 975%. Conclusion: IPAQ-SF had good test-retest reliability, but low to fair concurrent validity for MPA, VPA and MVPA compared to an objective criterion measure among pregnant women. Further, women fulfilling PA guidelines in pregnancy under-reported, while inactive women over-reported PA level.

• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Bere, Elling; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). The effect of a prenatal lifestyle intervention on glucose metabolism: Results of the Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 17:167, p. 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1340-6. Full text in Research Archive
• Skreden, Marianne; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2017). Changes in fruit and vegetable consumption habits from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian women. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. ISSN 1471-2393. 17(1). doi: 10.1186/s12884-017-1291-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Sanda, Birgitte; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2017). Evaluation of implementing a community-based exercise intervention during pregnancy. Midwifery. ISSN 0266-6138. 46, p. 45–51. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.01.010. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Objective: To evaluate the implementation of a community-based exercise intervention (the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study) during pregnancy. Design: Descriptive, explorative. Setting: Healthcare clinics in southern Norway, including urban and rural settings. Participants: Healthy, nulliparous women with singleton pregnancy of ≤20 gestational weeks, age ≥18 years and body mass index ≥19 kg/m2. Methods: Women were randomized to either twice-weekly supervised exercise sessions combined with nutritional counselling (n=303) or standard prenatal care (n=303). The exercise program was based on ACOG guidelines, with the same low-impact workout for all participants, including 60 minutes of moderate-intensity cardiovascular and strength training, performed in a group of maximum 25 women. The aim of the present secondary analysis was to report on the intervention group's experience with participating in an exercise program in the 2nd and 3rd trimester, including satisfaction, adherence, adverse effects, as well as motives and barriers for attending the classes. Results: Of 303 women randomized to exercise, 274 (92.6%) attended at least one class and 187 (68.2%) completed a questionnaire after completion of the trial assessing their experience with the group sessions. For 71.7%, self-reported exercise dosage was ≥75% of the twice-weekly exercise program and more than seven out of 10 reported to be satisfied or very satisfied with the exercise sessions. A total of 95.1% answered that they would recommend this type of exercise for pregnant friends. Reported motives and health benefits included better aerobic capacity, increased energy levels and exercise enjoyment. No harmful effects of the exercise intervention were noted in the mother or the fetus. Key conclusions and implications for practice: Results demonstrated that regular group exercise was feasible, safe, and well tolerated in pregnancy, which may encourage incorporating this program into a routine health care setting.

• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Sanda, Birgitte; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Bere, Elling; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Seiler, Hilde Lohne [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2017). The effect of prenatal lifestyle intervention on weight retention 12 months postpartum: results of the Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 124(1), p. 111–121. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13863.
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Bere, Elling; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Seiler, Hilde Lohne & Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2017). Lifestyle intervention to limit gestational weight gain: the Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomised controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. ISSN 1470-0328. 124(1), p. 97–109. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.13862.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2016). Effect of a diet intervention during pregnancy on dietary behavior in the randomized controlled Norwegian Fit for Delivery study. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. ISSN 2040-1744. 7(5), p. 538–547. doi: 10.1017/S2040174416000258.
• Flynn, Angela C.; Dalrymple, Kathryn; Barr, Suzanne; Poston, Lucilla; Goff, Louise M. & Rogozińska, Ewelina [Show all 35 contributors for this article] (2016). Dietary interventions in overweight and obese pregnant women: A systematic review of the content, delivery, and outcomes of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition reviews. ISSN 0029-6643. 74(5), p. 312–328. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuw005.
• Skreden, Marianne; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Seiler, Hilde Lohne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Change in active transportation and weight gain in pregnancy. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. ISSN 1479-5868. 13(10). doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0332-7. Full text in Research Archive
• Skreden, Marianne; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Seiler, Hilde Lohne [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Changes in mode of transportation to work or school from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study. Preventive Medicine Reports. ISSN 2211-3355. 2, p. 429–435. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.05.002. Full text in Research Archive
• Skreden, Marianne; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2015). Changes in beverage consumption from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study. Public Health Nutrition (PHN). ISSN 1368-9800. 18(7), p. 1187–1196. doi: 10.1017/S136898001400189X. Full text in Research Archive
• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Bere, Elling (2015). The Fit for Delivery study: rationale for the recommendations and test-retest reliability of a dietary score measuring adherence to 10 specific recommendations for prevention of excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Maternal & Child Nutrition. ISSN 1740-8695. 11(1), p. 20–32. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12026.
• Ruifrok, Anneloes E.; Rogozinska, Ewelina; Van Poppel, Mireille N.M.; Rayanagoudar, Girish; Kerry, Sally & De Groot, Christianne J.M. [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2014). Study protocol: Differential effects of diet and physical activity based interventions in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes-individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis and health economic evaluation. Systematic Reviews. ISSN 2046-4053. 3(1). doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-3-131.
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Seiler, Hilde Lohne; Bere, Elling; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Henriksen, Tore [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2013). Study protocol: fit for delivery - can a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy result in measurable health benefits for mothers and newborns? A randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-132. Show summary

  Background The global obesity epidemic has led to increased attention on pregnancy, a period when women are at risk of gaining excessive weight. Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with numerous complications, for both mother and child. Though the problem is widespread, few studies have examined the effect of a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy designed to limit maternal weight gain. The Fit for Delivery study will explore the effectiveness of nutritional counseling coupled with exercise classes compared with standard prenatal care. The aims of the study are to examine the effect of the intervention on maternal weight gain, newborn birth weight, glucose regulation, complications of pregnancy and delivery, and maternal weight retention up to 12 months postpartum. Methods/design Fit for Delivery is a randomized controlled trial that will include 600 women expecting their first child. To be eligible, women must be 18 years of age or older, of less than 20 weeks gestational age, with a singleton pregnancy, and have a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 19 kg/m2. The women will be randomly allocated to either an intervention group or a control group. The control group will receive standard prenatal care. The intervention group will, in addition, receive nutritional counseling by phone, access to twice-weekly exercise sessions, and information on healthy eating and physical activity provided in pamphlets, evening meetings and an interactive website. Both groups will be monitored by weighing (including bioimpedance measurements of percent body fat), blood tests, self-report questionnaires and hospital record review. Discussion Weight gained in pregnancy affects the health of both the mother and her unborn child, and simple models for efficient intervention are in high demand. The Fit for Delivery intervention provides concrete advice on limiting energy intake and practical training in increasing physical activity. This lifestyle intervention is simple, reproducible, and inexpensive. The design of the study reflects the realities of clinical practice, where patients are free to choose whether or not they respond to health initiatives. If we find measurable health benefits associated with the intervention, it may be an easily adopted supplement to routine prenatal care, in the prevention of obesity.

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• Stalheim, Astrid M.; Iversen, Marjolein M.; Jenum, Anne Karen; Sletner, Line; Stafne, Signe Nilssen & Qvigstad, Elisabeth [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2022). Seasonal variation in gestational diabetes mellitus.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Valand, Ida Ulrikke; Bere, Elling Tufte; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2019). Meals eaten with family in relation to dietary quality in 12-month-olds. A sub-study in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2017). Associations between dietary behavior and preterm birth in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study – interaction with offspring gender.
• Sanda, Birgitte; Vistad, Ingvild; Haakstad, Lene Annette Hagen; Berntsen, Sveinung; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2016). Validity and reliability of physical activity questionnaire in pregnancy; does physical activity level matter?
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2016). Dietary behavior in early pregnancy and subsequent risk of preeclampsia - an observationa study performed within the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study.
• Skreden, Marianne; Øverby, Nina C; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Lohne-Seiler, Hilde [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2015). Changes in mode of transportation to work or school from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study.
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Henriksen, Tore; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Bere, Elling [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2015). Effect of a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy on infant size up to 1 year of age: results of Norwegian Fit for Delivery randomized controlled trial.
• Sanda, Birgitte; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Hakestad, Lene AH. & Torstveit, Monica Klungland (2015). A lifestyle intervention including an exercise program helps women increase physical activity level in pregnancy.
• Skreden, Marianne; Bere, Elling; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2015). Changes in vegetables, fruits and berries consumption habits from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian women.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2015). Adherence to ten dietary principles and risk of preterm delivery - a study performed in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery study.
• Larsen, Arne Martin; Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Øverby, Nina Cecilie & Sagedal, Linda Reme (2015). Fit for fødsel. [Internet]. www.forskningsdagene.no.
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Henriksen, Tore; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Seiler, Hilde Lohne & Bere, Elling [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). The problem of non-participation: Who declined to participate in "Fit for Delivery", a randomised, controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy?
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Henriksen, Tore; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Seiler, Hilde Lohne & Bere, Elling [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2014). Who are we missing? Examining non-participants in "Fit for Delivery", a randomised, controlled trial of a lifestyle intervention in pregnancy.
• Skreden, Marianne; Bere, Elling; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2014). Changes in beverage consumption habits from pre-pregnancy through pregnancy.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2014). Compliance with the dietary recommendations in the Norwegian Fit for Delivery Study.
• Skreden, Marianne; Bere, Elling; Vistad, Ingvild; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2014). Changes in beverage consumption habits from pre-pregnancy to early pregnancy among Norwegian women.
• Torstveit, Monica Klungland; Vale, Anne Hilde; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Sagedal, Linda Reme & Vistad, Ingvild (2013). Hvem ønsker ikke bli med og hvorfor? Ikke-deltakere versus deltakere i «fit for fødsel» studien.
• Hillesund, Elisabet Rudjord; Bere, Elling; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild & Øverby, Nina Cecilie (2012). Test-retest reliability of a questionnaire measuring adherence to ten specific dietary recommendations for prevention of excess weight gain during pregnancy – the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (FFD) Nutrition Score.
• Sagedal, Linda Reme; Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde; Bere, Elling; Torstveit, Monica Klungland & Henriksen, Tore [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2012). Fit for fødsel: hvem takker ja til å delta?
• Øverby, Nina Cecilie; Sagedal, Linda Reme; Vistad, Ingvild; Lohne-Seiler, Hilde & Bere, Elling (2010). Project Fit for Delivery - 10 specific dietary recommendations for pregnant women, to prevent excessive weight gain.

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