Stephen J.M. Sollid

• Nilsbakken, Inger Marie Waal; Wisborg, Torben; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Jeppesen, Elisabeth (2024). Functional outcome and associations with prehospital time and urban-remote disparities in trauma: A Norwegian national population-based study. Injury. ISSN 0020-1383. 55(6). doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2024.111459.
• Kottmann, Alexandre; Pasquier, Mathieu; Carron, Pierre-Nicolas; Maudet, Ludovic; Rouvé, Jean-Daniel & Suppan, L. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2024). Feasibility of quality indicators on prehospital advanced airway management in a physician-staffed emergency medical service: survey-based assessment of the provider point of view. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 14(3). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081951.
• Rasmussen, Kristen; Sollid, Stephen Johan Mikal & Kvangarsnes, Marit (2023). Sky-High Safety? A Qualitative Study of Physicians' Experiences of Patient Safety in Norwegian Helicopter Emergency Services. Journal of patient safety. ISSN 1549-8417. 20(1), p. 1–6. doi: 10.1097/PTS.0000000000001172. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Patients treated and transported by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (HEMS) are prone to both flight and medical hazards, but incident reporting differs substantially between flight organizations and health care, and the extent of patient safety incidents is still unclear. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study based on in-depth interviews with 8 experienced Norwegian HEMS physicians from 4 different bases from February to July 2020 using inductive qualitative content analysis. The study objectives were to explore the physicians’ experience with incident reporting and their perceived areas of risk in HEMS. Results/Findings: The HEMS physicians stated that the limited number of formal incident reports was due to the “nature of the HEMS missions” and because reports were mainly relevant when deviating from procedures, which are sparse in HEMS. The physicians preferred informal rather than formal incident reporting systems and reporting to a colleague rather than a superior. The reasons were ease of use, better feedback, and less fear of consequences. Their perceived areas of risk were related to all the phases of a HEMS mission: the physician as the team leader, medication errors, the handover process, and the helicopter as a work platform. Conclusions: The sparse, informal, and fragmented incident reporting provides a poor overview of patient safety risks in HEMS. Focusing on organizational factors and system responsibility and research on environmental and contextual factors are needed to further improve patient safety in HEMS.

• Nilsbakken, Inger Marie Waal; Cuevas-Østrem, Mathias; Wisborg, Torben; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Jeppesen, Elisabeth (2023). Effect of urban vs. remote settings on prehospital time and mortality in trauma patients in Norway: a national population-based study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 31(1). doi: 10.1186/s13049-023-01121-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Knapp, Jürgen; Doppmann, Pascal; Huber, Markus; Meuli, Lorenz; Albrecht, Roland & Sollid, Stephen J. M. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Pre-hospital endotracheal intubation in severe traumatic brain injury: ventilation targets and mortality—a retrospective analysis of 308 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 31(1). doi: 10.1186/s13049-023-01115-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Thorvaldsen, Nina Øye; Husum, Tonje Lossius & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2023). Exploring use of coercion in the Norwegian ambulance service – a qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 31. doi: 10.1186/s13049-023-01104-x. Show summary

  Background Healthcare laws allow for exceptions from the consent requirement when patients are not competent to consent or pose a danger to themselves or others. In these cases, the use of coercion may be an alternative to voluntary health care. Ambulance personnel are regularly confronted with patients who need healthcare but refuse it and/or refuse to cooperate. This study aimed to explore ambulance personnel`s experience with use of coercion and factors influencing the use of coercion in the ambulance service in Norway. Method We conducted two focus group interviews with a total of eight informants, all ambulance personnel from a large Norwegian ambulance service. Digital recordings of the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using systematic text condensation. Results The informants` stories revealed several methods of coercion used by the ambulance personnel; physical coercion, pragmatic coercion, pharmacological coercion and coercion used to ensure the patient is secured during transportation. The main reasons for using coercion were preventing patients from harming themselves or others and to ensure that patients unable to consent receive healthcare considered necessary. Systemic factors as difficulty of applying the law to real-life situations, and organizational factors as fear of breaching guidelines, experienced lack of support from the management, fear of charges of misconduct, and lack of training in assessing patients´ competence to consent seem to influence ambulance personnels use of coercion. Conclusion Ethical grey areas in clinical practice emphasize the need for clinical discretion. Despite the fact that regulatory provisions allow for exceptions from the requirement to obtain consent, transferring these regulations to real life prehospital settings can be difficult. Consequently, the decisions made by ambulance personnel in clinical situations are highly influenced by organizational ethos and guidelines. The informants describe the coercive interventions they have employed to manage patients who are deemed to require healthcare but refuse it and/or refuse to cooperate.

• Carli, Pierre; O'Donnell, Cathal; Moore, Fionna; Kuisma, Markku; Corral, Ervigio & Ward, James [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Statement of the European EMS Leadership group concerning the organization of prehospital medical care in the event of a terrorist attack with an active shooter. Journal européen des urgences et de réanimation. ISSN 2211-4246. 35(1). doi: 10.1016/j.jeurea.2023.04.005.
• Vifladt, Anne; Ballangrud, Randi; Myhr, Kjetil; Grusd, Eystein; Porthun, Jan & Mæhlum, Pål Anders [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). Team training program’s impact on medication administration, teamwork and patient safety culture in an ambulance service (TEAM-AMB): a longitudinal multimethod study protocol. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 13:e067006(1), p. 1–9. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067006. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Introduction: Medication administration errors (MAEs) have the potential for significant patient harm, and the frequency of MAEs in the ambulance services is not well known. Effective teamwork is paramount for providing safe and effective patient care, especially in a time-sensitive, high-risk environment such as the ambulance services. Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) is an evidence-based team training programme that, to our knowledge, has not been studied in the ambulance services previously. TeamSTEPPS is based on the five principles: team structure, communication, leadership, situation monitoring and mutual support. This study aims to advance the knowledge of the medication administration process in the ambulance services and study the impact of a team training programme on the frequency of MAEs, and the perception of teamwork, and patient safety culture. Methods and analysis: This study uses a longitudinal multimethod design to evaluate medication administration and the implementation of the team training programme TeamSTEPPS in an ambulance service. A review of electronic patient journals 6 months prior to the intervention, and 12 months after the intervention will provide data on the frequency of MAEs. Focus group interviews and questionnaires will be carried out before and after the intervention to describe the perception of teamwork and patient safety culture among ambulance professionals. Observations, individual interviews and a review of guidelines will be conducted in the first and second quarters of 2022 to study the medication administration process in ambulance services. Ethics and dissemination: The study protocol was reviewed by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics Central Norway and approved by the Hospital Trust data protection officer, and the head of the Prehospital Division at the Hospital Trust. The data material will be managed confidentially and stored according to regulations. The results will be disseminated through scientific papers, reports, conference presentations, popular press, and social media. Trial registration number: NCT05244928.

• Muyambi, Kuda; Gardiner, Fergus; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Hyldmo, Per Kristian; Yisma, Engida & Spring, Breeanna [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Aeromedical retrieval services characteristics globally: a scoping review. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 30, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s13049-022-01053-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Pietsch, Urs; Müllner, Raphael; Theiler, Lorenz; Wenzel, Volker; Meuli, Lorenz & Knapp, Jürgen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Airway management in a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS): a retrospective observational study of 365 out-of-hospital intubations. BMC Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1471-227X. 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12873-022-00579-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Mattingsdal, Håvard; Abrahamsen, Håkon Bjorheim; Fevang, Espen & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2022). Static Rope Rescue Operations in Western Norway: A Retrospective Analysis of 141 Missions. Wilderness & environmental medicine (Print). ISSN 1080-6032. 33(2), p. 162–168. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.02.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredmose, Per Poelhøi; Østergaard, Doris & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2021). Challenges to the implementation of in situ simulation at HEMS bases: a qualitative study of facilitators’ expectations and strategies. Advances in Simulation. ISSN 2059-0628. 6. doi: 10.1186/s41077-021-00193-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredmose, Per P.; Hagemo, Jostein Skjalg; Østergaard, Doris & Sollid, Stephen (2021). Combining in-situ simulation and live HEMS mission facilitator observation: a flexible learning concept. BMC Medical Education. ISSN 1472-6920. 21(1), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12909-021-03015-w. Full text in Research Archive
• Kottmann, Alexandre; Krüger, Andreas J.; Sunde, Geir A.; Røislien, Jo; Heltne, John-Kenneth & Carron, Pierre Nicolas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Establishing quality indicators for prehospital advanced airway management: a modified nominal group technique consensus process. British Journal of Anaesthesia. ISSN 0007-0912. 128(2), p. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.08.031. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Background: Prehospital advanced airway management is a complex intervention composed of numerous steps, interactions, and variables that can be delivered to a high standard in the prehospital setting. Standard research methods have struggled to evaluate this complex intervention because of considerable heterogeneity in patients, providers, and techniques. In this study, we aimed to develop a set of quality indicators to evaluate prehospital advanced airway management. Methods: We used a modified nominal group technique consensus process comprising three email rounds and a consensus meeting among a group of 16 international experts. The final set of quality indicators was assessed for usability according to the National Quality Forum Measure Evaluation Criteria. Results: Seventy-seven possible quality indicators were identified through a narrative literature review with a further 49 proposed by panel experts. A final set of 17 final quality indicators composed of three structure-, nine process-, and five outcome-related indicators, was identified through the consensus process. The quality indicators cover all steps of prehospital advanced airway management from preoxygenation and use of rapid sequence induction to the ventilatory state of the patient at hospital delivery, prior intubation experience of provider, success rates and complications. Conclusions: We identified a set of quality indicators for prehospital advanced airway management that represent a practical tool to measure, report, analyse, and monitor quality and performance of this complex intervention.

• Pietsch, Urs; Knapp, Jürgen; Mann, Michael E.; Meuli, Lorenz; Lischke, Volker & Tissi, Mario [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Incidence and challenges of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) rescue missions with helicopter hoist operations: analysis of 11,228 daytime and nighttime missions in Switzerland. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. doi: 10.1186/s13049-021-00898-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredmose, Per Poelhøi; Røislien, Jo; Østergaard, Doris & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2021). National Implementation of In Situ Simulation-Based Training in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services: A Multicenter Study. Air Medical Journal. ISSN 1067-991X. 40(4), p. 205–210. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2021.04.006. Full text in Research Archive
• Doppmann, Pascal; Meuli, Lorenz; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Filipovic, Miodrag; Knapp, Jürgen & Exadaktylos, Aristomenis [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). End‑tidal to arterial carbon dioxide gradient is associated with increased mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury: a retrospective observational study. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89913-x.
• Alstrup, Karen; Rognås, Leif Kåre; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Johnsen, Søren Paaske; Valentin, Jan & Petersen, Jens Aage Kølsen (2021). Association of Helicopter vs Ground Emergency Medical Transportation With 1-Year Mortality in Denmark. JAMA Network Open. ISSN 2574-3805. 4(1). doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33318. Full text in Research Archive
• Pietsch, Urs; Lischke, Volker; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Prückner, Stephan; Theiler, Lorenz & Greif, Robert [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2020). Efficacy and efficiency of indoor nighttime human external cargo mission simulation in a high-fidelity training centre. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 28. doi: 10.1186/s13049-020-00755-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Alstrup, Karen; Petersen, Jens Aage Kølsen; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Johnsen, Søren Paaske & Rognås, Leif Kåre (2020). Mortality and hospitalisation in the Danish Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) population from 2014 to 2018: a national population-based study of HEMS triage. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 10. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038718. Full text in Research Archive
• Aase, Karina; Guise, Veslemøy; Billett, Stephen; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Njå, Ove & Røise, Olav [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Resilience in healthcare (RiH): a longitudinal research programme protocol. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 10(10). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038779. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnsen, Anne Siri; Samdal, Martin; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Rehn, Marius (2020). Major incident management by helicopter emergency medical services in south-east Norway from 2000 to 2016: Retrospective cohort study . Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 64(7), p. 1014–1020. doi: 10.1111/aas.13583. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredmose, Per Poelhøi; Hagemo, Jostein Skjalg; Røislien, Jo; Østergaard, Doris & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2020). In situ simulation training in helicopter emergency medical services: feasible for on-call crews? Advances in Simulation. ISSN 2059-0628. 5. doi: 10.1186/s41077-020-00126-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Rasmussen, Kristen; Langdalen, Henrik; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Sørskår, Leif Inge Kjærvoll & Bondevik, Gunnar Tschudi [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Training and assessment of non-technical skills in Norwegian helicopter emergency services: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 27, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s13049-018-0583-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Sørskår, Leif Inge Kjærvoll; Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Olsen, Espen; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Abrahamsen, Håkon Bjorheim (2018). Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the hospital survey on patient safety culture in a prehospital environment. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 18:784, p. 1–14. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3576-x. Full text in Research Archive
• Langdalen, Henrik; Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Sørskår, Leif Inge Kjærvoll & Abrahamsen, Håkon Bjorheim (2018). A comparative study on the frequency of simulation-based training and assessment of non-technical skills in the Norwegian ground ambulance services and helicopter emergency medical services. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 18(509), p. 1–11. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3325-1. Full text in Research Archive
• Sunde, Geir Arne; Kottmann, Alexandre; Heltne, Jon-Kenneth; Sandberg, Mårten; Gellerfors, Mikael & Krüger, Andreas [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Standardised data reporting from pre-hospital advanced airway management - a nominal group technique update of the Utstein-style airway template. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 26(46), p. 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s13049-018-0509-y. Full text in Research Archive
• Rasmussen, Kristen; Røislien, Jo & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2018). Does Medical Staffing Influence Perceived Safety? An International Survey on Medical Crew Models in Helicopter Emergency Medical Services. Air Medical Journal. ISSN 1067-991X. 37(1), p. 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2017.09.008. Full text in Research Archive
• Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Rehn, Marius (2017). The role of the anaesthesiologist in air ambulance medicine. Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology. ISSN 0952-7907. 30(4), p. 513–517. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000480.
• Sunde, Geir Arne; Sandberg, Mårten; Lyon, Richard; Fredriksen, Knut; Burns, Brian & Hufthammer, Karl Ove [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2017). Hypoxia and hypotension in patients intubated by physician staffed helicopter emergency medical services - a prospective observational multi-centre study. BMC Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1471-227X. 17:22, p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12873-017-0134-5. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnsen, Anne Siri; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Vigerust, Trond; Jystad, Morten & Rehn, Marius (2017). Helicopter emergency medical services in major incident management: A national Norwegian cross-sectional survey. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 12:e0171436(2), p. 1–12. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171436.
• Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Dieckmann, Peter; Aase, Karina; Søreide, Eldar; ringsted, charlotte & Østergaard, Doris (2016). Five Topics Health Care Simulation Can Address to Improve Patient Safety: Results From a Consensus Process. Journal of patient safety. ISSN 1549-8417. 9(3). doi: 10.1097/PTS.0000000000000254.
• Fattah, Sabina; Johnsen, Anne Siri; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Wisborg, Torben; Rehn, Marius & Sóti, Ákos [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2016). Reporting Helicopter Emergency Medical Services in Major Incidents: A Delphi Study. Air Medical Journal. ISSN 1067-991X. 35(6), p. 348–351. doi: 10.1016/j.amj.2016.08.003. Full text in Research Archive
• Johnsen, Anne Siri; Fattah, Sabina; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Rehn, Marius (2016). Utilisation of helicopter emergency medical services in the early medical response to major incidents: A systematic literature review. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 6(2). doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010307. Full text in Research Archive
• Bjørshol, Conrad Arnfinn; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Flaatten, Hans; Hetland, Ingve; Mathiesen, Wenche Tirunn & Søreide, Eldar (2016). Great variation between ICU physicians in the approach to making end-of-life decisions. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 60(4), p. 476–484. doi: 10.1111/aas.12640.
• Sunde, Geir Arne; Heltne, Jon-Kenneth; Lockey, David; Burns, Brian; Sandberg, Mårten & Fredriksen, Knut [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2015). Airway management by physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical services : a prospective, multicentre, observational study of 2,327 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 23. doi: 10.1186/s13049-015-0136-9.
• Sunde, Geir Arne; Heltne, Jon-Kenneth; Lockey, David; Burns, Brian; Sandberg, Mårten & Fredriksen, Knut [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2015). Airway management by physician-staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Services – a prospective, multicentre, observational study of 2,327 patients. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 23. doi: 10.1186/s13049-015-0136-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Bredmose, Per Poelhøi; Nakstad, Anders Rostrup & Sandberg, Mårten (2015). A prospective survey of critical care procedures performed by physicians in helicopter emergency medical service: Is clinical exposure enough to stay proficient? Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 23:45. doi: 10.1186/s13049-015-0128-9.
• Rimstad, Rune & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2015). A retrospective observational study of medical incident command and decision-making in the 2011 Oslo bombing. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1865-1372. 8(4), p. 1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12245-015-0052-9.
• Abrahamsen, Håkon Bjorheim; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Öhlund, Lennart; Røislien, Jo & Bondevik, Gunnar Tschudi (2014). Simulation-based training and assessment of non-technical skills in the Norwegian Helicopter Emergency Medical Services: a cross-sectional survey. Emergency Medicine Journal. ISSN 1472-0205. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2014-203962.
• Lossius, Hans Morten; Krüger, Andreas; Ringdal, Kjetil G.; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Lockey, David (2013). Developing templates for uniform data documentation and reporting in critical care using a modified nominal group technique. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 21(80). doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-21-80.
• Johnsen, Anne Siri; Fattah, Sabina; Sollid, Stephen & Rehn, Marius (2013). Impact of helicopter emergency medical services in major incidents: systematic literature review. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 3. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003335. Full text in Research Archive
• Sollid, Stephen; Rimstad, Rune; Rehn, Marius; Nakstad, Anders Rostrup; Tomlinson, Ann-Elin & Strand, Terje [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2012). Oslo government district bombing and Utøya island shooting July 22, 2011 : the immediate prehospital emergency medical service response. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 20. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-20-3.
• Lossius, Hans Morten; Sollid, Stephen; Rehn, Marius & Lockey, David (2011). Revisiting the value of pre-hospital tracheal intubation: an all time systematic literature review extracting the Utstein airway core variables. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 15(1). doi: 10.1186/cc9973.
• Sollid, Stephen; Lossius, Hans Morten; Nakstad, Anders Rostrup; Aven, Terje & Søreide, Eldar (2010). Risk assessment of pre-hospital trauma airway management by anaesthesiologists using the predictive Bayesian approach. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 18. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-18-22.
• Sollid, Stephen; Eidesen, Karianne; Aven, Terje & Søreide, Eldar (2010). Assessing the risk of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in ICUs using a broad event-consequence-uncertainty perspective. International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine. ISSN 0924-6479. 22(3), p. 115–129. doi: 10.3233/JRS-2010-0500. Show summary

  Background and objective: Probabilistic risk assessment methods are well suited for exploring hazards and threats in patient care due to their ability to analyse complex systems and include human factors. Adopting an event (A) ? consequence (C) ? uncertainty (U) perspective (referred to as the (A, C, U) perspective) the focus of the risk assessment is on predictions and uncertainty assessment of observable quantities. Uncertainty is the main component of risk, and probability is a tool for expressing this uncertainty. To demonstrate the feasibility of this perspective in risk assessment to improve patient safety, we have applied it to the high-risk activity of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in an intensive care unit. Methods: Using a Bayesian belief network, we modelled and analysed fault trees of two relevant adverse events: ?Perioperative bleeding? and ?loss of airway?. The analysis was based on a broad knowledge basis and incorporated risk influencing factors. Results: In the risk assessment we assigned the probability of ?perioperative bleeding? at 8.0% and ?loss of airway? at 0.05%. The uncertainty assessment identified operator and team performance to affect risk the most. Conclusion: Risk assessment according to the (A, C, U) perspective is a valuable tool to support decision-making in patient safety matters and explore risk influencing factors.

• Sollid, Stephen; Lossius, Hans Morten & Søreide, Eldar (2010). Pre-hospital intubation by anaesthesiologists in patients with severe trauma an audit of a Norwegian helicopter emergency medical service. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 18. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-18-30.
• Sollid, Stephen; Lockey, David & Lossius, Hans Morten (2009). A consensus-based template for uniform reporting of data from pre-hospital advanced airway management. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 17.
• Eidesen, Karianne; Sollid, Stephen & Aven, Terje (2009). Risk assessment in critical care medicine: a tool to assess patient safety. Journal of Risk Research. ISSN 1366-9877. 12(3-4), p. 281–294. doi: 10.1080/13669870802456914.
• Sollid, Stephen; Lockey, David & Lossius, Hans Morten (2009). A consensus-based template for uniform reporting of data from pre-hospital advanced airway management. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 17. doi: 10.1186/1757-7241-17-58.

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• Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Uleberg, Oddvar (2014). ABC of Transfer and Retrieval Medicine Chapter: Standard Operating Procedures, Checklists and Documentation. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-71975-6. 224 p.

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• Nilsbakken, Inger Marie Waal; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Wisborg, Torben & Jeppesen, Elisabeth (2022). Assessing Trauma Management in Urban and Rural Populations in Norway: A National Register-Based Research Protocol. JMIR Research Protocols. ISSN 1929-0748. 11(6). doi: 10.2196/30656. Full text in Research Archive
• Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2020). The role of human factors in rapid response systems.
• Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Kämäräinen, Antti (2019). The checklist, your friend or foe? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. doi: 10.1111/aas.13479.
• Rasmussen, Kristen; Langdalen, Henrik; Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Abrahamsen, Eirik Bjorheim; Sørskår, Leif Inge Kjærvoll & Abrahamsen, Håkon Bjorheim (2018). Training and assessment of non-technical skills: Are HEMS physicians catching up with the pilots?
• Thompson, Charles Julian; Rehn, Marius & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2018). EHAC medical working group best practice advice on the role of air rescue and pre hospital critical care at major incidents. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. ISSN 1757-7241. 26:65, p. 1–5. doi: 10.1186/s13049-018-0522-1.
• Wisborg, Torben; Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Mellin-Olsen, Jannicke (2016). Emergency airway management - by whom and how? Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 60(9), p. 1185–1187. doi: 10.1111/aas.12759.
• Uleberg, Oddvar; Jacobsen, Lars; Sunde, Geir Arne & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2016). Torakotomi og perimortem sectio utenfor sykehus - hva mener luftambulanselegene?
• Rasmussen, Kristen & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2015). Is the sky the limit or your helicopter?
• Jacobsen, Lars; Uleberg, Oddvar; Sunde, Geir Arne & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2015). Mangel på faglige krav i luftambulansetjenesten. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 135(12), p. 1109–1110. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0552.
• Rasmussen, Kristen & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2014). Apples and oranges in HEMS – Do we know what we compare?
• Rasmussen, Kristen & Sollid, Stephen J. M. (2014). The HEMS Medical Crew Survey.
• Sollid, Stephen J. M. & Søreide, Eldar (2014). Human factors play a vital role in the outcome of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 18(1). doi: 10.1186/cc13739.
• Sollid, Stephen J. M.; Bjørshol, Conrad; Flaatten, Hans & Søreide, Eldar (2013). Small simulation based sessions versus plenary interactive sessions during a medical congress to highlight ethical challenges in intensive care. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. ISSN 0001-5172. 57, p. 6–7.
• Rehn, Marius & Sollid, Stephen (2013). Retningslinjer for masseskadetriage er etablert. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133(19), p. 2029–2029.
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