Kristian Holm

• Trøseid, Marius; Molinaro, Antonio; Gelpi, Marco; Vestad, Beate; Kofoed, Klaus Fuglsang & Fuchs, Andreas [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Gut Microbiota Alterations and Circulating Imidazole Propionate Levels Are Associated With Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease in People With HIV. Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0022-1899. 229(3), s. 898–907. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiad604.
• Nendl, Andraz; Raju, Sajan; Broch, Kaspar; Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Holm, Kristian & Halvorsen, Bente [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with cardiac function and gut dysbiosis in chronic heart failure. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. ISSN 2297-055X. 10. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1160030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Trøseid, Marius; Holter, Jan Cato; Holm, Kristian; Vestad, Beate; Sazonova, Taisiia & Granerud, Beathe Kiland [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Gut microbiota composition during hospitalization is associated with 60-day mortality after severe COVID-19. Critical Care. ISSN 1364-8535. 27(1). doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04356-2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Stø, Kristine; Valeur, Jørgen; Ueland, Thor; Malmstrøm, Gunn Helen; Bjerkeli, Vigdis & Trøseid, Marius [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Fecal level of butyric acid, a microbiome-derived metabolite, is increased in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 12(1), s. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26759-x. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kaarbø, Mari; Yang, Mingyi; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Holm, Kristian; Sousa, Mirta & Macpherson, Magnhild Eide [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Duodenal inflammation in common variable immunodeficiency has altered transcriptional response to viruses. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.029. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background A substantial proportion of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients has duodenal inflammation of largely unknown etiology. However, because of its histologic similarities with celiac disease, gluten sensitivity has been proposed as a potential mechanism. Objective We aimed to elucidate the role of the duodenal microenvironment in the pathogenesis of duodenal inflammation in CVID by investigating the transcriptional, proteomic, and microbial signatures of duodenal biopsy samples in CVID. Methods DNA, total RNA, and protein were isolated from snap-frozen pieces of duodenal biopsy samples from CVID (with and without duodenal inflammation), healthy controls, and patients with celiac disease (untreated). RNA sequencing, mass spectrometry–based proteomics, and 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing (bacteria) were then performed. Results CVID separated from controls in regulation of transcriptional response to lipopolysaccharide and cellular immune responses. These differences were independent of mucosal inflammation. Instead, CVID patients with duodenal inflammation displayed alterations in transcription of genes involved in response to viral infections. Four proteins were differently regulated between CVID patients and healthy controls—DBNL, TRMT11, GCHFR, and IGHA2—independent of duodenal inflammation. Despite similar histology, there were major differences in CVID with duodenal inflammation and celiac disease both at the RNA and protein level. No significant difference was observed in the bacterial gut microbial signature between CVID, celiac, and healthy controls. Conclusion Our findings suggest the existence of altered functions of the duodenal epithelium, particularly in response to lipopolysaccharide and viruses. The latter finding was related to duodenal inflammation, suggesting that viruses, not gluten sensitivity, could be related to duodenal inflammation in CVID. Key words CVID RNA sequencing proteomics microbiome gut microbiota microbiota gastrointestinal tract duodenum celiac disease Primary immunodeficiency IgA

• Hole, Mikal Jacob; Jørgensen, Kristin Kaasen; Holm, Kristian; Braadland, Peder Rustøen; Meyer-Myklestad, Malin Holm & Medhus, Asle Wilhelm [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). A shared mucosal gut microbiota signature in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation. Hepatology. ISSN 0270-9139. doi: 10.1002/hep.32773. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meyer-Myklestad, Malin Holm; Medhus, Asle Wilhelm; Stiksrud, Birgitte; Lorvik, Kristina Berg; Seljeflot, Ingebjørg & Hansen, Simen Hyll [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Probiotics to HIV-infected immunological nonresponders: Altered mucosal immunity and microbial diversity restricted to ileum. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. ISSN 1525-4135. 89(1), s. 77–86. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002817.
• Vestad, Beate; Ueland, Thor; Lerum, Tøri Vigeland; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter; Holm, Kristian & Barratt-Due, Andreas [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Respiratory dysfunction three months after severe COVID-19 is associated with gut microbiota alterations. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 291(6), s. 801–812. doi: 10.1111/joim.13458. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is primarily a respiratory infection, mounting evidence suggests that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is involved in the disease, with gut barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota alterations being related to disease severity. Whether these alterations persist and are related to long-term respiratory dysfunction remains unknown. Methods: Plasma was collected during hospital admission and after three months from the NOR-Solidarity trial (n = 181) and analysed for markers of gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation. At the three-month follow-up, pulmonary function was assessed by measuring the diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO ). Rectal swabs for gut microbiota analyses were collected (n = 97) and analysed by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Results: Gut microbiota diversity was reduced in COVID-19 patients with respiratory dysfunction, defined as DLCO below the lower limit of normal three months after hospitalisation. These patients also had an altered global gut microbiota composition, with reduced relative abundance of 20 bacterial taxa and increased abundance of five taxa, including Veillonella, potentially linked to fibrosis. During hospitalisation, increased plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) were strongly associated with respiratory failure, defined as pO2 /fiO2 -(P/F ratio)

• Zimmer, Christine L.; von Seth, Erik; Buggert, Marcus; Strauss, Otto; Hertwig, Laura & Nguyen, Son [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). A biliary immune landscape map of primary sclerosing cholangitis reveals a dominant network of neutrophils and tissue-resident T cells. Science Translational Medicine. ISSN 1946-6234. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb3107. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Karlsen, Tom Rune; Kong, Xiang Yi; Holm, Sverre; Quiles-Jiménez, Ana M T; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter & Yang, Kuan [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). NEIL3-deficiency increases gut permeability and contributes to a pro-atherogenic metabolic phenotype. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 11(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98820-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jiang, Xiaojun; Bergquist, Annika; Löscher, Britt-Sabina; Venkatesh, Geetha; Mold, Jeff E. & Holm, Kristian [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). A heterozygous germline CD100 mutation in a family with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Science Translational Medicine. ISSN 1946-6234. 13(582). doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb0036.
• Awoyemi, Ayodeji Olawale; Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Felix, Alex S.; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Moscavitch, Samuel D. & Lappegård, Knut Tore [Vis alle 23 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Rifaximin or Saccharomyces boulardii in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Results from the randomized GutHeart trial. EBioMedicine. ISSN 2352-3964. 70. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103511. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Meyer-Myklestad, Malin Holm; Medhus, Asle Wilhelm; Lorvik, Kristina Berg; Seljeflot, Ingebjørg; Hansen, Simen Hyll & Holm, Kristian [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). HIV-infected immunological non-responders have colon-restricted gut mucosal immune dysfunction. Journal of Infectious Diseases. ISSN 0022-1899. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa714. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kummen, Martin; Thingholm, Louise B.; Rühlemann, Malte C.; Holm, Kristian; Hansen, Simen Hyll & Moitinho-Silva, Lucas [Vis alle 22 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Altered Gut Microbial Metabolism of Essential Nutrients in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Gastroenterology. ISSN 0016-5085. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.058. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mayerhofer, Christiane Caroline; Kummen, Martin; Holm, Kristian; Broch, Kaspar; Awoyemi, Ayodeji Olawale & Vestad, Beate [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Low fibre intake is associated with gut microbiota alterations in chronic heart failure. ESC Heart Failure. ISSN 2055-5822. 7(2), s. 456–466. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12596. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gelpi, Marco; Vestad, Beate; Hansen, Simen Hyll; Holm, Kristian; Drivsholm, Ninna & Götz, Alexandra [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Impact of human immunodeficiency virus-related gut microbiota alterations on metabolic comorbid conditions. Clinical Infectious Diseases. ISSN 1058-4838. 71(8), s. e359–e367. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1235. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Macpherson, Magnhild Eide; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Ueland, Thor; Dahl, Tuva Børresdatter; Kummen, Martin & Otterdal, Kari [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide associates with inflammation in common variable immunodeficiency. Frontiers in Immunology. ISSN 1664-3224. 11. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574500. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kummen, Martin; Solberg, Ole Geir; Larsen, Christopher Storm; Holm, Kristian; Ragnarsson, Asgrimur & Trøseid, Marius [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Rosuvastatin alters the genetic composition of the human gut microbiome. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10:5397, s. 1–9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-62261-y. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fretheim, Håvard Halland; Chung, Brian K.; Didriksen, Henriette; Bækkevold, Espen Sønderaal; Midtvedt, Øyvind & Brunborg, Cathrine [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Systemic Sclerosis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Pilot Trial. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 15:e0232739(5), s. 1–14. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232739. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Larsen, Christopher Storm; Myhr, Kjell-Morten; Farbu, Elisabeth; Midgard, Rune; Nyquist, Kaja Beate & Broch, Line [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Gut microbiota composition during a 12-week intervention with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate in multiple sclerosis – a pilot trial. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Experimental, Translational and Clinical. ISSN 2055-2173. 5(4), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1177/2055217319888767. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Macpherson, Magnhild Eide; Bjørnetrø, Tonje; Holm, Kristian; Kummen, Martin & Rashidi, Azita [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Rifaximin alters gut microbiota profile, but does not affect systemic inflammation - a randomized controlled trial in common variable immunodeficiency. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 9:167, s. 1–10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35367-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arnbjerg, Caroline J; Vestad, Beate; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Pedersen, Karin K; Jespersen, Sofie & Johannesen, Helle H [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Supplementation on Intestinal Inflammation Assessed by PET/MRI Scans and Gut Microbiota Composition in HIV-Infected Individuals. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. ISSN 1525-4135. 78(4), s. 450–457. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001693.
• Larsen, Christopher Storm; Stiksrud, Birgitte; Eriksen, Carsten; Eriksen, C.; Nowak, Piotr & Nowak, P. [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Microbial translocation revisited: targeting the endotoxic potential of gut microbes in HIV-infected individuals. AIDS (London). ISSN 0269-9370. 33(4), s. 645–653. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002087. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hoel, Hedda Benedicte; Hove-Skovsgaard, Malene; Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Gaardbo, Julie Christine; Holm, Kristian & Kummen, Martin [Vis alle 17 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Impact of HIV and type 2 diabetes on gut microbiota diversity, tryptophan catabolism and endothelial dysfunction. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 8. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25168-3. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Alberts, R; de Vries, EMG; Goode, EC; Jiang, Xiaojun; Sampaziotis, Fotios & Rombouts, K [Vis alle 50 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Genetic association analysis identifies variants associated with disease progression in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut. ISSN 0017-5749. 67(8), s. 1517–1524. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313598.
• Henriksen, Eva Kristine Klemsdal; Viken, Marte K; Wittig, Michael; Holm, Kristian; Folseraas, Trine & Mucha, Sören [Vis alle 29 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). HLA haplotypes in primary sclerosing cholangitis patients of admixed and non-European ancestry. HLA. ISSN 2059-2302. 90(4), s. 228–233. doi: 10.1111/tan.13076.
• Weismüller, Tobias J.; Trivedi, Palak J.; Bergquist, Annika; Imam, Mohamad; Lenzen, Henrike & Ponsioen, Cyriel Y. [Vis alle 59 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Patient age, sex, and inflammatory bowel disease phenotype associate with course of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology. ISSN 0016-5085. 152(8), s. 1975–1984.e8. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.038.
• Tronstad, Rune Rose; Kummen, Martin; Holm, Kristian; Volkmann, Hilde Løland Von; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas & Høivik, Marte Lie [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Guanylate cyclase C activation shapes the intestinal microbiota in patients with familial diarrhea and increased susceptibility for Crohn's disease. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. ISSN 1078-0998. 23(10), s. 1752–1761. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000001264.
• Schrumpf, Elisabeth; Kummen, Martin; Valestrand, Cecilie; Greiner, Thomas U; Holm, Kristian & Arulampalam, Velmurugesam [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). The gut microbiota contributes to a mouse model of spontaneous bile duct inflammation. Journal of Hepatology. ISSN 0168-8278. 66(2), s. 382–389. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.020. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Henriksen, Eva Kristine Klemsdal; Jørgensen, Kristin Kaasen; Kaveh, Fatemeh; Holm, Kristian; Hamm, David & Olweus, Johanna [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Gut and liver T-cells of common clonal origin in primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease. Journal of Hepatology. ISSN 0168-8278. 66(1), s. 116–122. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.09.002.
• Gabrielsen, Ingvild; Viken, Marte K; Amundsen, Svanstrøm Silja; Helgeland, Hanna; Holm, Kristian & Flåm, Siri Tennebø [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Autoimmune risk variants in ERAP2 are associated with gene-expression levels in thymus. Genes and Immunity. ISSN 1466-4879. 17(7), s. 406–411. doi: 10.1038/gene.2016.39.
• Gabrielsen, Ingvild; Amundsen, Svanstrøm Silja; Helgeland, Hanna; Flåm, Siri Tennebø; Hatinoor, Nimo & Holm, Kristian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Genetic risk variants for autoimmune diseases that influence gene expression in thymus. Human Molecular Genetics. ISSN 0964-6906. 25(14), s. 3117–3124. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddw152. Vis sammendrag

  Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have boosted our knowledge of genetic risk variants in autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Most risk variants are located within or near genes with immunological functions, and the majority is found to be non-coding, pointing towards a regulatory role. In this study, we performed a cis expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) screen restricted to 353 AID associated risk variants selected from the GWAS catalog to investigate whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence gene expression in thymus. Genotypes were obtained by Immunochip (Ichip) and tested against expression of surrounding genes (±1 Mb) in human thymic tissue (n = 42). We identified eight significant eQTLs located within seven genetic regions (FCRL3, RNASET2, C2orf74, NPIPB8, SIRPG, SYS1 and AJ006998.2) where the expression was associated with AID risk SNPs at a study-wide level of significance (P < 2.7 × 10-5). In NPIPB8 and AJ006998.2, the eQTL signals appeared to be thymus-specific. Furthermore, many AID risk SNPs from GWAS have been subsequently fine-mapped in recent Ichip projects, and fine-mapped AID SNPs overlapped with the thymic eQTLs within RNASET2 and SIRPG Finally, in all the eQTL regions, except C2orf74, SNPs underlying the thymic eQTLs were predicted to interfere with transcription factors important in T cell development. Our study therefore reveals autoimmune risk variants that act as eQTLs in thymus, and suggest that thymic gene regulation may play a functional role at some AID risk loci.

• Wang, Jun; Thingholm, Louise B.; Skiecevičienė, Jurgita; Rausch, Philipp; Kummen, Martin & Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund [Vis alle 39 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Genome-wide association analysis identifies variation in Vitamin D receptor and other host factors influencing the gut microbiota. Nature Genetics. ISSN 1061-4036. 48(11), s. 1396–1406. doi: 10.1038/ng.3695.
• Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Reims, Henrik Mikael; Frydenlund, Didrik Søli; Holm, Kristian; Paulsen, Vemund & Michelsen, Annika [Vis alle 23 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). A Cross-Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Pathology in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. American Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0002-9270. 111(10), s. 1467–1475. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.329.
• Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Trøseid, Marius; Kummen, Martin; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Michelsen, Annika & Osnes, Liv T. N. [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Altered gut microbiota profile in common variable immunodeficiency associates with levels of lipopolysaccharide and markers of systemic immune activation. Mucosal Immunology. ISSN 1933-0219. doi: 10.1038/mi.2016.18.
• Kummen, Martin; Holm, Kristian; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Nygård, Ståle; Vesterhus, Mette & Høivik, Marte [Vis alle 14 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). The gut microbial profile in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis is distinct from patients with ulcerative colitis without biliary disease and healthy controls. Gut. ISSN 0017-5749. 66(4), s. 611–619. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310500. Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Gut microbiota could influence gut, as well as hepatic and biliary immune responses. We therefore thoroughly characterised the gut microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) compared with healthy controls (HC) and patients with ulcerative colitis without liver disease. Design: We prospectively collected 543 stool samples. After a stringent exclusion process, bacterial DNA was submitted for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PSC and HC were randomised to an exploration panel or a validation panel, and only significant results (p<0.05, QFDR<0.20) in both panels were reported, followed by a combined comparison of all samples against UC. Results: Patients with PSC (N=85) had markedly reduced bacterial diversity compared with HC (N=263, p<0.0001), and a different global microbial composition compared with both HC (p<0.001) and UC (N=36, p<0.01). The microbiota of patients with PSC with and without IBD was similar. Twelve genera separated PSC and HC, out of which 11 were reduced in PSC. However, the Veillonella genus showed a marked increase in PSC compared with both HC (p<0.0001) and UC (p<0.02). Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, Veillonella abundance yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.64 to discriminate PSC from HC, while a combination of PSC- associated genera yielded an AUC of 0.78. Conclusions: Patients with PSC exhibited a gut microbial signature distinct from both HC and UC without liver disease, but similar in PSC with and without IBD. The Veillonella genus, which is also associated with other chronic inflammatory and fibrotic conditions, was enriched in PSC.

• Kevans, David; Tyler, Andrea D.; Holm, Kristian; Jørgensen, Kristin Kaasen; Vatn, Morten H & Karlsen, Tom Hemming [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Characterization of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis Patients with and without Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. ISSN 1873-9946. 10(3), s. 330–337. doi: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv204.
• Liaskou, Evaggelia; Henriksen, Eva Kristine Klemsdal; Holm, Kristian; Kaveh, Fatemeh; Hamm, D & Fear, Janine [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). High-throughput T-cell receptor sequencing across chronic liver diseases reveals distinct disease-associated repertoires. Hepatology. ISSN 0270-9139. 63(5), s. 1608–1619. doi: 10.1002/hep.28116. Vis sammendrag

  Hepatic T-cell infiltrates and a strong genetic human leukocyte antigen association represent characteristic features of various immune-mediated liver diseases. Conceptually the presence of disease-associated antigens is predicted to be reflected in T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. Here, we aimed to determine if disease-associated TCRs could be identified in the nonviral chronic liver diseases primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We performed high-throughput sequencing of the TCRβ chain complementarity-determining region 3 of liver-infiltrating T cells from PSC (n = 20), PBC (n = 10), and ALD (n = 10) patients, alongside genomic human leukocyte antigen typing. The frequency of TCRβ nucleotide sequences was significantly higher in PSC samples (2.53 ± 0.80, mean ± standard error of the mean) compared to PBC samples (1.13 ± 0.17, P < 0.0001) and ALD samples (0.62 ± 0.10, P < 0.0001). An average clonotype overlap of 0.85% was detected among PSC samples, significantly higher compared to the average overlap of 0.77% seen within the PBC (P = 0.024) and ALD groups (0.40%, P < 0.0001). From eight to 42 clonotypes were uniquely detected in each of the three disease groups (≥30% of the respective patient samples). Multiple, unique sequences using different variable family genes encoded the same amino acid clonotypes, providing additional support for antigen-driven selection. In PSC and PBC, disease-associated clonotypes were detected among patients with human leukocyte antigen susceptibility alleles. Conclusion: We demonstrate liver-infiltrating disease–associated clonotypes in all three diseases evaluated, and evidence for antigen-driven clonal expansions. Our findings indicate that differential TCR signatures, as determined by high-throughput sequencing, may represent an imprint of distinctive antigenic repertoires present in the different chronic liver diseases; this thereby opens up the prospect of studying disease-relevant T cells in order to better understand and treat liver disease. (Hepatology 2015)

• Nowak, Piotr; Trøseid, Marius; Avershina, Ekaterina; Barqasho, Babilonia; Neogi, Ujjwal & Holm, Kristian [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Gut microbiota diversity predicts immune status in HIV-1 infection. AIDS (London). ISSN 0269-9370. 29(18), s. 2409–2418. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000869.
• Stiksrud, Birgitte; Nowak, Piotr; Nwosu, Felix Chinweije; Kvale, Dag; Thalme, Anders & Sönnerborg, Anders [Vis alle 15 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Reduced levels of D-dimer and changes in gut microbiota composition after probiotic intervention in HIV-infected individuals on stable ART. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. ISSN 1525-4135. 70(4), s. 329–337. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000784.
• Hov, Johannes Espolin Roksund; Zhong, Huanzi; Qin, Bincai; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Holm, Kristian & Franke, Andre [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). The influence of the autoimmunity-associated ancestral HLA haplotype AH8.1 on the human gut microbiota: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE. ISSN 1932-6203. 10:e0133804(7). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133804.
• Ellinghaus, David; Folseraas, Trine; Holm, Kristian; Ellinghaus, Eva; Melum, Espen & Balschun, Tobias [Vis alle 37 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Genome-wide association analysis in Primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis identifies risk loci at GPR35 and TCF4. Hepatology. ISSN 0270-9139. 58(3), s. 1074–1083. doi: 10.1002/hep.25977.
• Folseraas, Trine; Melum, Espen; Rausch, Philipp; Juran, Brian D.; Ellinghaus, Eva & Shiryaev, Alexey [Vis alle 40 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Extended analysis of a genome-wide association study in primary sclerosing cholangitis detects multiple novel risk loci. Journal of Hepatology. ISSN 0168-8278. 57(2), s. 366–375. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.03.031.
• Melum, Espen; Franke, Andre; Schramm, Christoph; Weismüller, Tobias J.; Gotthardt, Daniel & Offner, Felix A. [Vis alle 43 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Genome-wide association analysis in primary sclerosing cholangitis identifies two non-HLA susceptibility loci. Nature Genetics. ISSN 1061-4036. 43(1), s. 17–19. doi: 10.1038/ng.728.
• Holm, Kristian; Melum, Espen; Franke, Andre & Karlsen, Tom Hemming (2010). SNPexp - A web tool for calculating and visualizing correlation between HapMap genotypes and gene expression levels. BMC Bioinformatics. ISSN 1471-2105. 11. doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-11-600.
• Bergestuen, Deidi Ann; Aabakken, Lars; Holm, K; Vatn, Morten H & Thiis-Evensen, Espen (2009). Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors: Prognostic factors and survival. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. ISSN 0036-5521. 44(9), s. 1084–1091. doi: 10.1080/00365520903082432.

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• Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Macpherson, Magnhild Eide; Bjørnetrø, Tonje; Holm, Kristian; Kummen, Martin & Rashidi, Azita [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Retraction to: Rifaximin alters gut microbiota profile, but does not affect systemic inflammation - a randomized controlled trial in common variable immunodeficiency (Scientific Reports, (2019), 9, 1, (167), 10.1038/s41598-018-35367-7). Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 14(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54117-6.
• Hole, Mikal Jacob; Jørgensen, Kristin Kaasen; Holm, Kristian; Braadland, Peder Rustøen; Meyer-Myklestad, Malin Holm & Medhus, Asle Wilhelm [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Reply: The mucosal gut signature in primary sclerosing cholangitis before and after liver transplantation. Is the dysbiosis index really predictive for the recurrence of PSC? Hepatology. ISSN 0270-9139. 77(6), s. E188–E189. doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000340.
• Meyer-Myklestad, Malin Holm; Kummen, Martin; Stiksrud, Birgitte; Holm, Kristian; Dyrhol-Riise, Anne Ma & Kvale, Dag [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). ALTERED GUT IMMUNITY IN IMMUNOLOGICAL NONRESPONDERS PARTLY RESTORED BY PROBIOTICS.
• Jørgensen, Silje Fjellgård; Holm, Kristian; Macpherson, Magnhild Eide; Larsen, Christopher Storm; Kummen, Martin & Fevang, Børre [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Selective IgA deficiency in humans is associated with reduced gut microbial diversity. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. ISSN 0091-6749. 143(5), s. 1969–1971.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.019.
• Kummen, Martin; Holm, Kristian; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Vesterhus, Mette; Høivik, Marte & Trøseid, Marius [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). O082 : THE GUT MICROBIOTA IN PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS DIFFERS FROM THAT OF HEALTHY CONTROLS AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS PATIENTS WITHOUT BILIARY DISEASE.
• Wittig, Michael; Anmarkrud, Jarl Andreas; Forster, Michael; Ellinghaus, Eva; Holm, Kristian & Wienbrandt, L [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). In solution HLA capture and high-resolution NGS-based typing method and an automated, integrated analysis framework.

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