Helge Waal

• Eshrati, Sahar; Saberizafarghandi, MohammadBagher; Vameghi, Meroe; Arezoomandan, Reza; Ranjbar, Hadi & Clausen, Thomas [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Main problems experienced by the neighbors of open drug scenes, Tehran, Iran: a mixed-method study. Harm Reduction Journal. ISSN 1477-7517. 20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12954-023-00880-0. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skeie, Ivar; Clausen, Thomas; Hjemsæter, Arne Jan; Landheim, Anne Signe; Monsbakken, Bent Berntsen & Thoresen, Magne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Mortality, Causes of Death, and Predictors of Death among Patients On and Off Opioid Agonist Treatment: Results from a 19-Year Cohort Study. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 28(5), s. 358–367. doi: 10.1159/000525694. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Mortality is increased among people with opioid use disorder but reduced while on opioid agonist treatment (OAT). However, the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality and causes of death is insufficiently studied. Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore mortality and causes of death and examine the impact of patient and treatment characteristics on mortality in an OAT cohort with high retention in treatment. Methods: Design: longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Norway. Observation period: time from OAT start as of 1998 until death or end of 2016, 2,508 person-years (PY) in total. Sample: 200 persons starting OAT 1998–2007. Data sources: hospital records, interviews, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, Statistics Norway. Results: Retention: 86.4% of the observation period was on OAT, 9.0% off, 4.6% unknown OAT status. All-cause crude mortality rate per 100 PY during the whole observation period was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.19–2.20), for deaths of somatic cause 0.88 (0.56–1.31), for drug-induced deaths 0.44 (0.23–0.76), and traumatic deaths 0.24 (0.10–0.50). Off-versus-on-OAT all-cause mortality ratio was 2.31 (1.00–4.85). On OAT, 58% of the deaths were of somatic cause and 21% drug-induced; off OAT, 38% of somatic cause and 50% drug-induced. Increasing baseline age and rate of somatic hospital treatment episodes were independently associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, while increasing rate of in-patient psychiatric treatment episodes was associated with reduced risk. Increasing duration of nicotine and cannabis use and alcohol dependence as well as increasing severity of polydrug use were associated with increased all-cause and somatic mortality adjusted for age and sex. Conclusion: The long observation period made it possible to demonstrate the importance of long-term retention in OAT to reduce mortality. Further, the preponderance of somatic and reduction of drug-induced causes of death during OAT underlines the need for follow-up of chronic diseases and health-promoting lifestyle changes. These findings add to the knowledge about long-term OAT effects, not least in ageing OAT populations. © 2022 The Author(s). This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY) (http://www.karger.com/Services/OpenAccessLicense). Usage, derivative works and distribution are permitted provided that proper credit is given to the author and the original publisher.

• Saberi Zafarghandi, Mohammad Bagher; Eshrati, Sahar; Rashedi, Vahid; Vameghi, Meroe; Arezoomandan, Reza & Clausen, Thomas [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Indicators of Drug-Related Community Impacts of Open Drug Scenes: A Scoping Review. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 28(2), s. 87–102. doi: 10.1159/000519886.
• Bech, Anne Berit; Clausen, Thomas; Waal, Helge; Delaveris, Gerd Jorunn Møller & Skeie, Ivar (2021). Organ pathologies detected post-mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder: a nation-wide 2-year cross-sectional study. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1111/add.15705. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: To document organ pathologies detected post-mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment for opioid use disorder and estimate the extent to which individual characteristics are associated with pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic or renal pathologies. Design: Two-year cross-sectional nation-wide study. Setting: Norway. Participants: Among all 200 patients who died during opioid agonist treatment between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015, 125 patients (63%) were autopsied. Among these, 122 patients (75% men) had available autopsy reports and were included. The mean age at the time of death was 48 years. Measurements: Information on pulmonary, cardiovascular, hepatic and renal pathologies were retrieved from forensic or medical autopsy reports, with no (0) and yes (1) as outcome variables and age, sex and body mass index as covariates in logistic regression analyses. Findings: Pathologies in several organs were common. Two-thirds (65%) of the decedents had more than two organ system diseases. The most common organ pathologies were chronic liver disease (84%), cardiovascular disease (68%) and pulmonary emphysema (41%). In bivariate analyses, only older age was associated with any pulmonary pathology [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.10], cardiovascular pathology (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.05-1.17) and renal pathology (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.00-1.11). Older age remained independently associated with cardiovascular pathology (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.04-1.16) and renal pathology (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.01-1.12) adjusted for body mass index and sex. Conclusions: Among autopsied Norwegians who died during opioid agonist treatment in 2014 and 2015, two-thirds had more than two organ system diseases, despite their mean age of 48 years at the time of death. Older age was independently associated with at least one cardiovascular or renal pathology after adjusting for sex and body mass index. Keywords: Ageing; autopsy; buprenorphine; forensic; methadone; multi-morbidity; opioid substitution treatment; pathology; postmortem. © 2021 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.

• Bech, Anne Berit; Clausen, Thomas; Waal, Helge; Vindenes, Vigdis; Edvardsen, Hilde Marie Erøy & Frost, Joachim [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Postmortem toxicological analyses of blood samples from 107 patients receiving opioid agonist treatment: substances detected and pooled opioid and benzodiazepine concentrations. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. doi: 10.1111/add.15211. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: To present the substances and their concentrations detected post-mortem in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT) stratified by cause of death, estimate the pooled opioid and benzodiazepine concentrations using established conversion factors for blood concentrations from the Norwegian Road Traffic Act, and explore the association between drug-induced cause of death and the pooled opioid and benzodiazepine concentrations. Design: Cross-sectional nationwide study. Setting: Norway. Participants: One hundred and seven patients who died during OAT (i.e. within 5 days after the last intake of OAT medication) between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015, with post-mortem femoral blood available for toxicology. Data were collected from hospital records, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and autopsy reports. Measurements: Presence of alcohol and non-alcohol substances in the bloodstream at time of death, determined through records of toxicology of post-mortem femoral blood. Findings: A median of four substances was detected across the causes of death. At least one benzodiazepine was detected in 81 (76%) patients. The median pooled opioid concentration was significantly higher in drug-induced deaths compared with other causes of death (362 ng/mL versus 182 ng/mL, P < 0.001), in contrast to the pooled benzodiazepine concentration (5466 versus 5701 ng/mL, P = 0.353). The multivariate regression analysis showed that only increasing pooled opioid concentration (ng/ML) was associated with increased odds of a drug-induced cause of death (odds ratio, 1.003; 95% confidence interval: 1.001-1.006). Conclusions: In Norway, overall opioid concentration seems to play an important role in drug-induced deaths during opioid agonist treatment in patients prescribed methadone or buprenorphine. Patients prescribed buprenorphine tend to replace their agonist with full agonists, while patients prescribed methadone tend to have high opioid concentrations from methadone as the only opioid.

• Saberi Zafarghandi, Mohammad Bagher; Eshrati, Sahar; Vameghi, Meroe; Ranjbar, Hadi; Arezoomandan, Reza & Clausen, Thomas [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Drug-related community issues and the required interventions in open drug scenes in Tehran, Iran: a qualitative study protocol . BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 9(10), s. 1–6. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030488. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bech, Anne Berit; Clausen, Thomas; Waal, Helge; Saltyte Benth, Jurate & Skeie, Ivar (2019). Mortality and causes of death among patients with opioid use disorder receiving opioid agonist treatment: A national register study. BMC Health Services Research. ISSN 1472-6963. 19. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4282-z. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Henriksen, Kathleen; Jacobsen, Jon-Axel; Henriksen, Elliot Magnus; Gomes, Leni; Waal, Helge & Krajci, Peter (2019). The LASSO Program in Oslo: Harm Reduction Using Buprenorphine-Naloxone (Suboxone?) in a Low Threshold Setting. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 24(6), s. 286–292. doi: 10.1159/000495188.
• Henriksen, Kathleen; Jacobsen, Jon-Axel; Henriksen, Elliot Magnus; Waal, Helge & Krajci, Peter (2018). Tha LASSO Proogram in Oslo: Harm Reduction Using Buprenorphine-Naloxone (Suboxone) in a Low Threshold Setting. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 24, s. 286–292. doi: 10.1159/000495188.
• Edvardsen, Hilde Marie Erøy; Tverborgvik, Torill; Frost, Joachim; Rogde, Sidsel; Morild, Inge & Waal, Helge [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Differences in combinations and concentrations of drugs of abuse in fatal intoxication and driving under the influence cases. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 281, s. 127–133. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.045. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyhagen, Hege Tollefsen & Waal, Helge (2017). Den aldrende LAR-pasienten. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (NAD). ISSN 1455-0725. 34(1), s. 72–79. doi: 10.1177/1455072516682637.
• Kjøsnes, Ragnhild; Waal, Helge; Hauff, Edvard & Gossop, Michael (2017). Severe trauma among substance users in opioid maintenance treatment: Users? assessment of worst trauma and clinical assessment of PTSD. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems. ISSN 1592-1638. 19(1), s. 5–12.
• Henriksen, Kathleen; Waal, Helge & Krajci, Peter (2016). Will Non-Compliant ‘Hard-To-Treat’ Opioid-Dependent patients profit from low threshold methadone treatment? A prospective 15-month evaluation of patients on low dosage methadone treatment at oslo university hospital. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems. ISSN 1592-1638. 18(3), s. 23–28.
• Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Khiabani, Hassan; Hilberg, Thor; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Slørdal, Lars & Waal, Helge [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Characteristics of methadone-related fatalities in Norway. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. ISSN 1752-928X. 36, s. 114–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.011.
• Welle-Strand, Gabrielle; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Tanum, Lars; Waal, Helge; Bakstad, Brittelise & BJARKØ, LISA [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Tapering from methadone or buprenorphine during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes in Norway 1996-2009. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 21(5), s. 253–261. doi: 10.1159/000381670.
• Bukten, Anne; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas (2014). Factors associated with dropout among patients in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and predictors of re-entry. A national registry-based study. Addictive Behaviours. ISSN 0306-4603. 39(10), s. 1504–1509. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.05.007.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge & Gråwe, Rolf W. (2014). The effectiveness of integrated treatment in patients with substance use disorders co-occurring with anxiety and/or depression - a group randomized trial. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 14(67). doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-67.
• Waal, Helge; Clausen, Thomas; Gjersing, Linn Renathe & Gossop, Michael (2014). Open drug scenes: responses of five European cities. BMC Public Health. ISSN 1471-2458. 14(853 ). doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-853. Vis sammendrag

  Open drug scenes are gatherings of drug users who publicly consume and deal drugs. The authors conducted a study of five European cities that have met such scenes constructively. The aim was to investigate shared and non-shared interventions and strategies in order to increase the understanding of this type of problem. First a description was made for the cities of Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Vienna, Zürich and Lisbon. These descriptions were sent to contact persons in each city prior to visit by the researchers. The methods and strategies in each city were discussed and core choices and efforts extracted. A report was sent to the contact group for corrections and clarifications. The paper analyses shared and non-shared traits and strategies. All of the cities had initially a period with conflict between liberal and restrictive policies. A political consensus seems to be a prerequisite for effective action. A core shared characteristic was that drug dependence was met as a health problem and drug use behaviour as a public nuisance problem. Low threshold health services including opioid maintenance treatment were combined with outreach social work and effective policing. Prevention, harm reduction and treatment should be combined with law enforcement based on cooperation between police, health care and social services. The aim should be "coexistence" between society and users of illegal substances and the strategy based on several years planning and conjoint efforts. The solutions are found in appropriate combinations of harm reduction and restrictive measures.

• Waal, Helge & Gossop, Michael (2014). Making sense of differing overdose mortality: contributions to improved understanding of European patterns. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 20(1), s. 8–15. doi: 10.1159/000346781.
• Helseth, Valborg Helene; Samet, Sharon; Johnsen, Jon; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Waal, Helge (2013). Independent or Substance-Induced Mental Disorders? An Investigation of Comorbidity in an Acute Psychiatric Unit. Journal of Dual Diagnosis (JDD). ISSN 1550-4263. 9(1), s. 78–86. doi: 10.1080/15504263.2012.749142.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Clausen, Thomas; Gossop, Michael; Lindbæk, Morten & Reinertsen, Even [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Increased Somatic Morbidity in the First Year after Leaving Opioid Maintenance Treatment: Results from a Norwegian Cohort Study. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 19(4), s. 194–201. doi: 10.1159/000345229.
• Gjersing, Linn ; Jonassen, Kristine V.; Biong, Stian ; Ravndal, Edle; Waal, Helge & Bramness, Jørgen G. [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Diversity in causes and characteristics of drug-induced deaths in an urban setting. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. ISSN 1403-4948. 41(2), s. 119–125. doi: 10.1177/1403494812472007. Vis sammendrag

  Artikkelens hovedfunn er at blant de 231 inkluderte overdosedødsfallene som fant sted i Oslo i perioden 2006-2008 var det representert flere undergrupper med spesielle kjennetegn. Det var flest menn i 30-årene som døde, typisk av blandingsoverdose med heroin og hvor dødsfallet fant sted på bostedsadresse. Personer som ikke hadde bostedsadresse - men som døde i Oslo, kvinner, og personer som nylig var løslatt fra fengsel eller utskrevet fra rusbehandlingsinstitusjon, var alle undergrupper med spesielle kjennetegn blant overdosedødsfallene. Det fremheves at overdoseforebyggende tiltak som skal planlegges i fremtiden bør ta hensyn til at de som dør av overdoser er en heterogen gruppe hvor flere undergrupper kan ha behov for ulike forebyggende tiltak, men at det bør være en samordning av tiltaksplanen som tilbys i en by som Oslo.

• Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Slørdal, Lars; Waal, Helge; Mørland, Jørg & Khiabani, Hassan (2013). Methadone-related deaths in Norway. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 224(1-3), s. 111–116. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.010.
• Welle-Strand, Gabrielle; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Jones, Hendree E.; Waal, Helge; Bakstad, Brittelise & Bjarkø, Lisa [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Neonatal outcomes following in utero exposure to methadone or buprenorphine: A National Cohort Study of opioid-agonist treatment of Pregnant Women in Norway from 1996 to 2009. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 127(1-3), s. 200–206. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.001.
• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Sundet, Jon Martin & Waal, Helge (2013). Maternal stress and behavioral adaptation in methadone- or buprenorphine-exposed toddlers. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 36(4), s. 707–716. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.08.006.
• Waal, Helge (2013). Å omfavne de svake. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.13.0216.
• Bukten, Anne; Røislien, Jo; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Waal, Helge; Gossop, Michael & Clausen, Thomas (2013). A day-by-day investigation of changes in criminal convictions before and after entering and leaving opioid maintenance treatment: a national cohort study. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 13. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-262. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Pedersen, Kjersti; Waal, Helge & Kringlen, Einar (2012). Patients with Nonaffective Psychosis Are at Increased Risk for Heroin Use Disorders. European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 18(3), s. 124–129. doi: 10.1159/000334613.
• Waal, Helge (2012). SSBU overlevde ikke - overlever visjonen? I Bjarkø, Elisabeth; Bjørnstad, Ellen; Sponheim, Eili & Spurkland, Ingrid (Red.), Statens senter for barne- og ungdomspsykiatri. Utvikling - forvikling - avvikling. 7Letras. s. 33–38.
• Waal, Helge; Brekke, Mette; Clausen, Thomas; Lindbæk, Morten; Rosta, Judith & Skeie, Ivar [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Fastlegers syn på legemiddelassistert rehabilitering. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 132(16), s. 1861–1866. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0124.
• Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Bukten, Anne; Gossop, Michael; Waal, Helge; Stangeland, Per Ingolf & Clausen, Thomas (2012). Reductions in convictions for violent crime during opioid maintenance treatment: A longitudinal national cohort study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 124(3), s. 307–310. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.005.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge & Gråwe, Rolf W. (2012). When Research Meets Reality—Lessons Learned From a Pragmatic Multisite Group-Randomized Clinical Trial on Psychosocial Interventions in the Psychiatric and Addiction Field. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment. ISSN 1178-2218. 6, s. 95–106. doi: 10.4137/SART.S9245. Vis sammendrag

  Research on treatments for patients with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders is of core importance and at the same time highly challenging as it includes patients that are normally excluded from clinical studies. Such research may require methodological adaptations which in turn create new challenges. However, the challenges that arise in such studies are insufficiently discussed in the literature. The aim of this methodology paper is, firstly, to discuss the methodological adaptations that may be required in such research; secondly, to describe how such adaptations created new challenges in a group-randomized clinical trial on Integrated Treatment amongst patients with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders. We also discuss how these challenges might be understood and highlight lessons for future research in this field.

• Bukten, Anne; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Gossop, Michael; Waal, Helge; Stangeland, Per Ingolf & Havnes, Ingrid Amalia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2012). Engagement with opioid maintenance treatment and reductions in crime: a longitudinal national cohort study. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 107(2), s. 393–399. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03637.x.
• Helseth, Valborg Helene; Samet, Sharon; Johnsen, Jon; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Waal, Helge (2012). Feasibility of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM) in an acute psychiatric ward. Journal of Psychiatric Intensive Care. ISSN 1742-6464. 8(2), s. 96–104. doi: 10.1017/S1742646411000252.
• Lobmaier, Philipp Paul; Kunøe, Nikolaj; Gossop, Michael & Waal, Helge (2011). Naltrexone Depot Formulations for Opioid and Alcohol Dependence: A Systematic Review. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics. ISSN 1755-5930. 17(6), s. 629–636. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00194.x.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Gossop, Michael; Lindbæk, Morten; Reinertsen, Even & Thoresen, Magne [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Changes in somatic disease incidents during opioid maintenance treatment: results from a Norwegian cohort study. BMJ Open. ISSN 2044-6055. 1. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000130.
• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Smith, Lars; Waal, Helge & Sundet, Jon Martin (2011). Risks and realities: Dyadic interaction between 6-month-old infants and their mothers in opioid maintenance treatment. Infant Behavior and Development. ISSN 0163-6383. 34(4), s. 578–589. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.006. Vis sammendrag

  A number of studies point to methadone exposure in utero as a possible risk factor in the developing mother–infant relationship in the first year of life. This study is part of a larger, national follow-up of 38 infants prenatally exposed to methadone or buprenorphine and 36 comparison, low-risk infants. The aim of the present paper is to assess the quality of mother–infant relationship when the infants are 6 months old. Videotaped mother–infant interactions were rated in a global scale (NICHD). Maternal and infant contributions collapsed into the variables “infant style” and “maternal style” showed that the only factor making significant contribution to the outcome measure “dyadic mutuality” was maternal style. The importance of group membership (exposed versus non-exposed), was reduced when controlling for maternal drug use prior to opioid maintenance treatment (OMT), maternal depression and parenting stress as well as infants’ developmental status and sensory-integrative functions. This suggests that prediction of dyadic mutuality should be based on individual characteristics rather than group characteristics. These results support previous research findings that methadone and buprenorphine use per se does not have direct influence on the quality of early mother–infant relationship, but tailored follow-up procedures targeting drug-free pregnancies and parenting support are beneficial for women in OMT and their children.

• Gjersing, Linn Renathe; Waal, Helge; Røislien, Jo; Gossop, Michael & Clausen, Thomas (2011). Variations in treatment organisation, practices and outcomes within the Norwegian Opioid Maintenance Treatment Programme. Norsk Epidemiologi. ISSN 0803-2491. 21(1), s. 113–118. doi: 10.5324/nje.v21i1.1434. Vis sammendrag

  Legemiddelassistert rehabilitering (LAR) har vært tilgjengelig i Norge, siden 1998, som et nasjonalt medisinsk behandlingstilbud for personer med opiatavhengighet. Både innad og mellom ulike land har det vært beskrevet ulikheter i hvordan denne type behandling organiseres og tilbys. Forskere fra Seraf- Senter for rus- og avhengighetsforskning har undersøkt forskjeller i behandling mellom de 14 LAR-sentrene. Det ble funnet at det på undersøkelsestidspunktet i 2008 var store forskjeller mellom sentrene i forhold til organisering, behandling og behandlingsutfall. Det var ulikheter i antall personer pr ansatt, hvilket medikament som ble foreskrevet (metadon eller subutex®/subuxone®), overvåket medikamentinntak og urinprøver. I tillegg var det store forskjeller i rusbruk og sosialrehabilitering. Sentre som hadde mer rusbruk blant sine pasienter hadde færre pasienter med egen bolig, flere pasienter uten arbeid og flere pasienter som hadde sosial støtte som viktigste inntektskilde. Disse forskjellene oppstod selv om sentrene var underlagt de samme retningslinjene for behandling og regelmessige møter mellom lederne i de ulike sentrene. Dette viser hvordan retningslinjer kan forstås og implementeres ulikt og viser at implementering av slike retningslinjer kan være vanskelig. Ny forskrift og nye retningslinjer ble introdusert i 2010, og organiseringen av LAR sentrene er også endret. Spørsmålet er om ulikhetene mellom de ulike sentrene vil vedvare eller om disse tiltakene har vært tilstrekkelig for å redusere de ulikhetene som er dokumentert i denne undersøkelsen.

• Bukten, Anne; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Gossop, Michael; Waal, Helge; Stangeland, Per Ingolf & Clausen, Thomas (2011). The influence of programme differences on crime reduction in opioid maintenance treatment : an analysis of regional patterns in Norway. Norsk Epidemiologi. ISSN 0803-2491. 21(1), s. 99–106. doi: 10.5324/nje.v21i1.1432.
• Bukten, Anne; Skurtveit, Svetlana; Stangeland, Per Ingolf; Gossop, Michael; Willersrud, Astrid Brandsberg & Waal, Helge [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Criminal convictions among dependent heroin users during a 3-year period prior to opioid maintenance treatment: A longitudinal national cohort study. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. ISSN 0740-5472. 41(4), s. 407–414. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2011.06.006.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge; Ruud, Torleif & Gråwe, Rolf W (2011). A cross-sectional study of patients with and without substance use disorders in Community Mental Health Centres. BMC Psychiatry. ISSN 1471-244X. 11. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-11-93.
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Yttredal, Borghild; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Waal, Helge; Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2011). Oral Fluid is a Viable Alternative for Monitoring Drug Abuse: Detection of Drugs in Oral Fluid by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Comparison to the Results from Urine Samples from Patients Treated with Methadone or Buprenorphine. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 35(1), s. 32–39.
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Clausen, Thomas; Duckert, Fanny; Ravndal, Edle & Waal, Helge (2011). Addiction Research Centres and the Nurturing of Creativity The Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research (SERAF). Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 106(8), s. 1381–1385. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03086.x.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge; Ruud, Torleif; Røislien, Jo & Gråwe, Rolf W (2011). Identifying co-occurring substance use disorders in community mental health centres. Tailored approaches are needed. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. ISSN 0803-9488. 65(1), s. 58–64. doi: 10.3109/08039488.2010.489954.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Waal, Helge (2022). Oksykodon mot rastløse bein? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 142(1). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.21.0864.
• Waal, Helge; Vold, Jørn Henrik & Skurtveit, Svetlana (2020). Kvetiapinmisbruk-myte eller realitet? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 140(12), s. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.20.0059. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mørland, Jørg & Waal, Helge (2019). «Hele Felleskatalogen» i behandling av rusmiddellidelser. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(3), s. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0678.
• Edvardsen, Hilde Marie Erøy; Tverborgvik, Torill; Frost, Joachim; Rogde, Sidsel; Morild, Inge & Waal, Helge [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Corrigendum to "Differences in combinations and concentrations of drugs of abuse in fatal intoxication and driving under the influence cases". Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 283, s. 219–219. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.040.
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). H. Waal & J. Mørland svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(12/13), s. 857–857. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0505.
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Stoff, straff og sosial smitte - en uheldig sammenblanding. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(4), s. 262–262. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0024.
• Waal, Helge (2015). Norge på overdosetoppen? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 135(18). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.0690.
• Waal, Helge (2014). Behandlingsideologiske linjer ved SKN I et sosialpolitisk perspektiv. I Skarli, Jim (Red.), Hov 50 år med rusbehandling. Jubileumsskrift. Sykehuset Innlandet HF. ISSN 978-82-93076-08-7. s. 9–44.
• Waal, Helge (2014). Fremskritt i glattcellen. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 134(3), s. 263–263. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.14.0015.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Rognli, Eline Borger; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas (2013). Lost in Downtown Oslo - How did they get there and how do they get out? - A Project presentation.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2013). Somatisk sykelighet blant opioidavhengige før, under og etter legemiddelassistert rehabilitering (LAR).
• Waal, Helge (2013). Is sustained release natrexone an option for heroin-dependent pregnant women? Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 108(2), s. 252–253. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03940.x.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Rusfeltet - historisk tilbakeblikk med skråblikk på fremtiden.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Tidsavgresnet LAR - Hva sier litteraturen?
• Waal, Helge (2012). Pasienter som ruser seg i døgnavdelinger.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Nordic addiction research.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Avhengighet - Dilemmaer i diagnostisering og behandling.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Hva vet vi idag om cannabis.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Rusfeltets historie med vekt på fremtiden.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge & Gråwe, Rolf W. (2012). When research meets reality - Lessons learned from a pragmatic multi-site group-randomized clinical trial on psychosocial interventions in the psychiatric and addiction field.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Dilemmaer i behandling og forebygging - illegale rusmidler.
• Waal, Helge (2012). Voluntary discontinuation of OMT: Should it be encouraged and how should it be done? An analysis of the evidence.
• Sarfi, Monica & Waal, Helge (2012). Vi mangler evidens for nedtrapping under tvang :. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470. 49(12), s. 1228–1229.
• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika & Waal, Helge (2012). "Vi mangler evidens for nedtrapping under tvang". Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening. ISSN 0332-6470.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2011). HVORDAN VURDERER OPIOIDAVHENGIGE EGEN HELSE OG LIVSKVALITET OG FORHOLDET TIL HELSEVESEN OG ALLMENNLEGE FØR, UNDER OG ETTER LEGEMIDDELASSISTERT REHABILITERING?
• Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas P. (2011). The importance for a life long perspective in OMT. Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence.
• Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas (2011). The Importance of a Life Long Perpective in Opioid Maintenance Therapy (OMT). Theoretical Analyses and Empirical Evidence.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2011). Somatisk sykelighet hos pasienter som avslutter LAR.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2011). Health related quality of life and self perceived relation to health care services among dependent opioid users before, during and after maintenance treatment.
• Skeie, Ivar; Brekke, Mette; Lindbæk, Morten & Waal, Helge (2011). State of health, quality of life and access to health care before, during and after opioid maintenance treatment.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Vil fremtiden først og fremst bli medikamenter i rusbehandlingen i Europa og Norge.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Randomisert, kontrollert og irrelevant? Om evidensbegrepets plass i behandlingen av stoffmisbruk.
• Waal, Helge (2011). LAR- fortid, nåtid og fremtid.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Medisinske og sykdomsrelaterte aspekter ved rusmiddelbruk.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Bruk, misbruk og avhengighet.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Lasso - lavterskel substitusjonsmedisin på en uke.
• Waal, Helge (2011). Opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) an GP involvement in OMT in the Nordic countries.
• Waal, Helge (2011). LAR i Norge - hva det var, hva det er nå og hvem vil være i målgruppen for heroinbehandling?
• Waal, Helge (2011). A medical specialty in addiction medicine: approaches, specializations and regulations.
• Waal, Helge & Gjersing, Linn Renathe (2011). Lessons learned from a study of European cities.
• Gjersing, Linn Renathe & Waal, Helge (2011). The Oslo situation "Plata" What is suggested and what has been done?
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge; Gråwe, Rolf W. & Ruud, Torleif (2011). A cross-sectional study of patients with and without substance use disorders in Community Mental Health Centres.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge; Ruud, Torleif & Gråwe, Rolf W. (2011). A cross-sectional study of patients with and without substance use disorders in Community Mental Health Centres.
• Wüsthoff, Linda Elise; Waal, Helge; Ruud, Torleif & Gråwe, Rolf W (2011). A cross-sectional study of patients with and without substance use disorders in Community Mental Health Centres.
• Lobmaier, Philipp Paul; Skeie, Ivar; Lillevold, Pål Henrik; Bussesund, Kari; Waal, Helge & Clausen, Thomas (2020). Statusrapport 2019 Nye medisiner - nye muligheter? SERAF RAPPORT 1/2020.
• Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Clausen, Thomas; Middelthon, Anne-Lise Orvin & Waal, Helge (2015). Violence and diversion of prescribed opioids among individuals in opioid maintenance treatment.A complementary methods study of violent crime convictions in a national cohort and qualitative interviews among prisoners. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-8264-944-5.
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Clausen, Thomas; Ravndal, Edle & Waal, Helge (2012). LAR- forskningen 2011. 7Letras.
• Waal, Helge; Clausen, Thomas; Håseth, Atle & Lillevold, Pål Henrik (2012). Statusrapport 2011 LAR i Helseforetakene. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Skeie, Ivar; Waal, Helge; Brekke, Mette & Lindbæk, Morten (2012). Somatic morbidity among dependent opioid users before, during and after opioid maintenance treatment Longitudinal cohort studies of acute and subacute disease incidents. Akademisk Forlag. ISSN 978-82-8264-557-7.
• Sarfi, Annamaria Monika; Waal, Helge & Sundet, Jon Martin (2012). Vulnerable but adaptable. A longitudinal study of a national cohort of children born to women in opioid maintenance (OMT) treatment. University of Oslo. ISSN 1504-3991.
• Waal, Helge; Clausen, Thomas; Håseth, Atle & Lillevold, Pål Henrik (2011). SERAF rapport 1/2012. Statusrapport 2011 LAR i helseforetakene. 7Letras.
• Anchersen, Katinka & Waal, Helge (2011). Mortality and QTc prolongation in opioid maintenance treatment. Unipub forlag. ISSN 978-82-8264-009-1.
• Waal, Helge; Thomas, Clausen; Håseth, Atle & Lillevold, Pål Henrik (2011). Statsurapport 2010. Første år med nye retningslinjer. SERAF rapport 3/2011. SERAF - Senter for rus- og avhengighetsforskning.
• Gjersing, Linn Renathe; Clausen, Thomas & Waal, Helge (2011). Staff attitudes towards opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) and the associations with treatment. Unipub forlag. ISSN 978-82-8264-030-5.
• Gjersing, Linn Renathe; Biong, Stian Nissen; Ravndal, Edle; Waal, Helge; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav & Clausen, Thomas (2011). Dødelige overdoser i Oslo 2006 til 2008 : En helhetlig gjennomgang. Senter for rus- og avhengighetsforskning (SERAF). ISSN 978-82-93019-03-9.
• Waal, Helge; Gjersing, Linn Renathe & Clausen, Thomas (2011). Open Drug Scenes and Overdose Mortality - What to Do? Lessons from five European cities. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 978-82-93019-02-2.

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