Jørg Gustav Mørland

• Holman, Peder Olai Skjeflo; Høiseth, Gudrun; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras; Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Vevelstad, Merete Synnøve Horn & Mørland, Jørg Gustav [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). A two-sample approach to retrograde extrapolation of blood THC concentrations – Is it feasible? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 352. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111833. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bogen, Inger Lise; Boix, Fernando; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Steinsland, Synne; Nerem, Elisabeth & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2023). Heroin metabolism in human blood and its impact for the design of an immunotherapeutic approach against heroin effects. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 133(4), s. 418–427. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.13926. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Magnus, Per Minor; Vollset, Stein Emil; Leon, David A.; Selmer, Randi Marie & Tverdal, Aage (2023). Associations between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cause-specific mortality in a general population of 345 000 men and women aged 20–79 years. International Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0300-5771. 52(4), s. 1257–1267. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyad011. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Skulberg, Knut Ragnvald; Skulberg, Andreas; Moe, Jenny Skumsnes & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2023). The Self-Rated Effects of Alcohol Are Related to Presystemic Metabolism of Alcohol. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 58(2), s. 203–208. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agad002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims: A high number of alcohol units required to feel a subjective effect of alcohol predicts future alcohol use disorders (AUDs). The subjective response to alcohol can be measured using the validated retrospective self-rated effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. Few studies have investigated the specific relationship between SRE and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in an experimental setting. Methods: Twenty healthy young adult male volunteers who had experience with binge drinking, but did not have AUD, filled out the SREquestionnaire and were served with a fixed amount of alcohol per body weight. BACs were measured throughout a 12-hour period, reaching a maximum BAC of ∼0.13%. Median split of SRE-scores was utilized to compare BACs among participants with relatively high effects (low SRE) and relatively low effects (high SRE) of alcohol. Results: Participants reporting a relatively low SRE-score had a statistically significant higher measured BAC at all time points until alcohol was eliminated. This was especially pronounced during the first 2 hours after alcohol (P = 0.015) without a significant difference in the alcohol elimination rate being detected. Conclusion: The study indicates that a self-ated SRE-score is related to BACs after the ingestion of a standardized amount of alcohol per body weight. Reporting a higher number of alcohol units before feeling an effect was related to a lower BAC. As the differences in BAC between relatively high and low self-rated effects appeared rapidly after intake, this could be interpreted as an effect of presystemic metabolism of alcohol.

• Moe, Jenny Skumsnes; Bolstad, Ingeborg; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2021). GABAA subunit single nucleotide polymorphisms show sex-specific association to alcohol consumption and mental distress in a Norwegian population-based sample. Psychiatry Research. ISSN 0165-1781. 307. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114257. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Oshaug, Katja; Kronstrand, Robert; Kugelberg, Fredrik C.; Kristoffersen, Lena; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Høiseth, Gudrun (2021). Frequency of postmortem ethanol formation in blood, urine and vitreous humor – Improving diagnostic accuracy with the use of ethylsulphate and putrefactive alcohols. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 331. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111152. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Bogen, Inger Lise; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Vindenes, Vigdis [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Does the preparation for intravenous administration affect the composition of heroin injections? A controlled laboratory study. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 116(11), s. 3104–3112. doi: 10.1111/add.15492. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Tverdal, Aage; Høiseth, Gudrun; Magnus, Per; Næss, Øyvind; Selmer, Randi & Knudsen, Gun Peggy [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Alcohol Consumption, HDL-Cholesterol and Incidence of Colon and Rectal Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study including 250,010 Participants. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 56(6), s. 718–725. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agab007. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Aims:Alcohol consumption has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) and also to the high-densitylipoprotein cholesterol level (HDL-C). HDL-C has been associated with the incidence of CRC. The aimof this study was to investigate the association between self-reported alcohol consumption, HDL-Cand incidence of CRC, separately for the two sites. Methods:Altogether, 250,010 participants in Norwegian surveys have been followed-up for anaverage of 18 years with respect to a first-time outcome of colon or rectal cancer. During follow-up,3023 and 1439 colon and rectal cancers were registered. Results:For men, the HR per 1 drink per day was 1.05 with 95% confidence interval (0.98–1.12)for colon and 1.08 (1.02–1.15) for rectal cancer. The corresponding figures for women were 1.03(0.97–1.10) and 1.05 (1.00–1.10). There was a positive association between alcohol consumptionand HDL-C. HDL-C was inversely associated with colon cancer in men (0.74 (0.62–0.89) per 1 mmol/l)and positively associated with rectal cancer, although not statistically significant (1.15 (0.92–1.44).A robust regression that assigned weights to each observation and exclusion of weights≤0.1increased the HRs per 1 drink per day and decreased the HR per 1 mmol/l for colon cancer. Theassociations with rectal cancer remained unchanged. Conclusion:Our results support a positive association between alcohol consumption and colonand rectal cancer, most pronounced for rectal cancer. Considering the positive relation betweenalcohol consumption and HDL-C, the inverse association between HDL-C and colon cancer in menremains unsettled.

• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Associations of Binge Drinking with the Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Study of Pooled Norwegian Health Surveys. American Journal of Epidemiology. ISSN 0002-9262. 190(8), s. 1592–1603. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwab063. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Norwegian health survey data (1987 – 2003) were analysed to determine if binge drinking increases the risk of incident major events from ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke. Among current drinkers reporting average alcohol intakes between 2 to 60 g/day (n = 44,476), frequent binge drinking (5+ units ≥ once per month) was not associated with a greater risk of IHD (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.76, 1.09) nor stroke (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.19), in comparison with participants who reported that they never or only infrequently (<once per month) had episodes of binge drinking. Participants with an average alcohol intake between 2 – 60 g/day had a lower risk of IHD in comparison with participants with very low intakes (<2 g/day) both among frequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.67, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.80) and among never/infrequent binge drinkers (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.67, 0.84). The findings suggest that frequent binge drinking does not, independently of the average alcohol intake, increase the risk of incident IHD or stroke events. However, the findings should be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study design.

• Mørland, Jørg (2020). Driving Under the Influence of Non-alcohol Drugs: Review of Earlier Studies. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-14.
• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg & Liu, Ray H. (2020). Driving Under the Influence of Psychoactive Substances: a historical review. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-2.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2020). The relationship between ingested dose of ethanol and amount of ethyl glucuronide formed in blood. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 44(8), s. 861–863. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkaa090. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Hjelmeland, Knut Johan & Mørland, Jørg (2020). A comparison of driving related skills impaired by ethanol and zopiclone. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 22(1), s. 26–31. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1849643. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2020). The implementation of per-se limits for driving under the influence of benzodiazepines and related drugs: No increased risk for arrest during therapeutic use in Norway. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 21(2), s. 122–126. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1724977. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mørland, Jørg & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2020). Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is present in the body between smoking sessions in occasional non-daily cannabis users. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 309, s. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110188. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: THC can be measured in blood up to a month after last intake in heavy cannabis users. The cognitive deficits during abstinence have been hypothesized to be at least in part due to residual THC in brain. To which extent THC accumulation will occur after occasional cannabis use has gained limited attention. We aimed to predict THC-levels between smoking sessions in non-daily as well as daily cannabis users and to compare these predictions with published THC levels. Methods: Predictions were based on pharmacokinetic principles on drug accumulation after repeated dosing, applied to different cannabis smoking patterns, using data from a three-compartment model for THC pharmacokinetics and results on the terminal elimination half-life of THC in humans. We searched the literature for THC measurements which could be compared with these predictions. We found no such results from controlled studies of long-term repeated cannabis consumption of known THC amounts. Thirteen published studies contained, however, enough information on cannabis use and results from THC-measurements to make tentative comparisons with the predictions. Results: The predictions of THC-plasma levels present after different cannabis smoking patterns assuming terminal elimination half-lives of THC of 21.5 h or longer, had some support in published THC levels measured in individuals self-reporting their cannabis consumption. We found no consistent discrepancies between the predictions and reported THC plasma levels after non-daily or daily cannabis use. The predictions indicate that THC might be presentin plasma between smoking sessions above usual analytical limits when smoking every third and second day, and at lower levels after once weekly smoking. Conclusions: The study indicates that THC might be present continuously even in non-daily smokers at low levels, even if the smoking occasions are separated by a week. This is different from alcohol, where ethanol has disappeared after a day. From a toxicological point of view the persistance of THC in the brain, raises questions whether this should be given more attention as with other toxicological thinking where long-term presence of bioactive substances gives rise to concern. There are some uncertainties in this analysis, and controlled studies on THC-accumulation accompanying different use patterns seem warranted.

• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren H. & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Driving Under the influence of non-alcohol drugs: Epidemiological studies. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. s. 465–508. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-16.
• Strand, Maren H.; Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs: Experimental studies. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. s. 421–463. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-15.
• Degerud, Eirik Magnus Meek; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Ariansen, Inger; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel & Ystrøm, Eivind [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Association of coincident self-reported mental health problems and alcohol intake with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: A Norwegian pooled population analysis. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 17(2), s. 1–21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003030. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Strand, Maren; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus; Gjerde, Hallvard; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Vindenes, Vigdis (2019). Pharmacokinetics of single doses of methadone and suprenorphine in blood and oral fluid in healthy volunteers and correlation with effects on psychomotor and cognitive functions. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. ISSN 0271-0749. 39(5), s. 489–493. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001077. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus & Mørland, Jørg (2019). Methodologies for establishing the relationship between alcohol/drug use and driving impairment - Differences between epidemiological, experimental, and real-case studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 31(2), s. 141–160. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-20. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg & Liu, Ray H. (2019). Driving under the influence of psychoactive substances - A historical review. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 31(2), s. 103–140.
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando; Mørland, Jørg & Bogen, Inger Lise (2019). The role of 6-acetylmorphine in heroin-induced reward and locomotor sensitization in mice. Addiction Biology. ISSN 1355-6215. s. 1–10. doi: 10.1111/adb.12727. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Avvisati, Riccardo; Bogen, Inger Lise; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg & Badiani, Aldo [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). The active heroin metabolite 6-acetylmorphine has robust reinforcing effects as assessed by self-administration in the rat. Neuropharmacology. ISSN 0028-3908. 150, s. 192–199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.023.
• Strand, Maren; Vindenes, Vigdis; Gjerde, Hallvard; Mørland, Jørg & Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus (2019). A clinical trial on the acute effects of methadone and buprenorphine on actual driving and cognitive function of healthy volunteers. . British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0306-5251. 85, s. 442–453. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13818. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Steinsland, Synne; Aase, Audun & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). A monoclonal antibody against 6-acetylmorphine protects female mice offspring from adverse behavioral effects induced by prenatal heroin exposure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 368(1), s. 106–115. doi: 10.1124/jpet.118.251504. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Høiseth, Gudrun; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Hair EtG: Alterations in segment levels accompanying hair growth. Drug Testing and Analysis. ISSN 1942-7603. 11, s. 112–118. doi: 10.1002/dta.2474.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Romeo, Giovanni & Mørland, Jørg (2018). Challenges and common weaknesses in case-control studies on drug use and road traffic injury based on drug testing of biological samples. Annals of Epidemiology. ISSN 1047-2797. 28(11), s. 812–820. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.08.006. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Høiseth, Gudrun & Handal, Marte [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Can measurements of heroin metabolites in post-mortem matrices other than peripheral blood indicate if death was rapid or delayed? Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 290, s. 121–128. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.041. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Konstantinova, Svetlana V.; Normann, Per Trygve; Mørland, Jørg; Christophersen, Asbjørg S. & Arnestad, Marianne (2018). Heroin Deaths in Norway in 2000 and 2009: A comparative study of polydrug use. Heroin Addiction and Related Clinical Problems. ISSN 1592-1638. 20(2), s. 23–29.
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Rogde, Sidsel; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Brochmann, Gerd-Wenche & Andersen, Jannike Mørch [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Metabolites of heroin in several different post-mortem matrices. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 42(5), s. 311–320. doi: 10.1093/jat/bky002. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Degerud, Eirik; Ariansen, Inger Kristine Holtermann; Ystrøm, Eivind; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Life course socioeconomic position, alcohol drinking patterns in midlife, and cardiovascular mortality: Analysis of Norwegian population-based health surveys. PLoS Medicine. ISSN 1549-1277. 15(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002476. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Degerud, Eirik; Ystrøm, Eivind; Tambs, Kristian; Ariansen, Inger Kristine; Mørland, Jørg & Magnus, Per [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). The interplay between cognitive ability, alcohol consumption, and health characteristics. Psychological Medicine. ISSN 0033-2917. 48(12), s. 2011–2022. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717003543. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Høiseth, Gudrun & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Zopiclone concentrations in oral fluid and blood after, administration of therapeutic doses of zopiclone. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 278, s. 177–183. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.004.
• Strand, Maren; Mørland, Jørg; Slørdal, Lars; Riedel, Bettina; Innerdal, Cato & Aamo, Trond Oskar [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Conversion factors for assessment of driving impairment after exposure to multiple benzodiazepines/z-hypnotics or opioids. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 281, s. 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.10.022.
• Strand, Maren; Arnestad, Marianne; Fjeld, Bente & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Acute impairing effects of morphine related to driving: A systematic review of experimental studies to define blood morphine concentrations related to impairment in opioid-naive subjects. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(8), s. 788–794. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2017.1326595.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Giarratana, Nefele; Enger, Asle & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Ethyl glucuronide elimination kinetics in fingernails and comparison to levels in hair. Alcohol and Alcoholism. ISSN 0735-0414. 52(5), s. 580–586. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/agx035.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Austdal, Linn Engeset; Wiik, Elisabeth; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Prevalence and concentrations of drugs in older suspected drugged drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), s. 231–236. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1247209.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Impairment due to alcohol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and benzodiazepines in impaired drivers compared to experimental studies. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 18(3), s. 244–250. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2016.1201205.
• Sakshaug, Solveig; Handal, Marte; Hjellvik, Vidar; Berg, Christian Lie; Ripel, Åse & Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Long-term Use of Z-Hypnotics and Co-Medication with Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 120, s. 292–298. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12684.
• Eriksen, Guro Søe; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando; Bergh, Marianne Skov-Skov; Vindenes, Vigdis & Rice, Kenner C. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Comparison of (+)- and (-)-Naloxone on the acute psychomotor-stimulating effects of heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 358(2), s. 209–215. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233544.
• Helland, Arne; Lydersen, Stian; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Jenssen, Gunnar; Mørland, Jørg & Slørdal, Lars (2016). Driving simulator sickness: Impact on driving performance, influence of blood alcohol concentration, and effect of repeated simulator exposures. Accident Analysis and Prevention. ISSN 0001-4575. 94, s. 180–187. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.05.008. Vis sammendrag

  Simulator sickness is a major obstacle to the use of driving simulators for research, training and driver assessment purposes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible influence of simulator sickness on driving performance measures such as standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), and the effect of alcohol or repeated simulator exposure on the degree of simulator sickness. Twenty healthy male volunteers underwent three simulated driving trials of 1 h’s duration with a curvy rural road scenario, and rated their degree of simulator sickness after each trial. Subjects drove sober and with blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of approx. 0.5 g/L and 0.9 g/L in a randomized order. Simulator sickness score (SSS) did not influence the primary outcome measure SDLP. Higher SSS significantly predicted lower average speed and frequency of steering wheel reversals. These effects seemed to be mitigated by alcohol. Higher BAC significantly predicted lower SSS, suggesting that alcohol inebriation alleviates simulator sickness. The negative relation between the number of previous exposures to the simulator and SSS was not statistically significant, but is consistent with habituation to the sickness-inducing effects, as shown in other studies. Overall, the results suggest no influence of simulator sickness on SDLP or several other driving performance measures. However, simulator sickness seems to cause test subjects to drive more carefully, with lower average speed and fewer steering wheel reversals, hampering the interpretation of these outcomes as measures of driving impairment and safety. BAC and repeated simulator exposures may act as confounding variables by influencing the degree of simulator sickness in experimental studies.

• Høiseth, Gudrun; Wiik, Elisabeth; Kristoffersen, Lena & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Ethanol elimination rates at low concentrations based on two consecutive blood samples. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 266, s. 191–196. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.039.
• Kvello, Anne Marte Sjursen; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Mørland, Jørg & Bogen, Inger Lise (2016). Pharmacological Effects of a Monoclonal Antibody against 6-Monoacetylmorphine upon Heroin-Induced Locomotor Activity and Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 358(2), s. 181–189. doi: 10.1124/jpet.116.233510.
• Fosen, Jan Toralf; Morini, Luca; Sempio, Cristina; Ganss, Rudiger; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2016). Levels of Hair Ethyl Glucuronide in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function: Possibility of Misclassification of Social Drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 40(3), s. 451–456. doi: 10.1111/acer.12970.
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2016). International Trends in alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle drivers. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 28(1), s. 38–66. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-17.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren Cecilie & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs – An Update. Part II: Experimental Studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 28(2), s. 79–101. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-15.
• Helland, Arne; Jenssen, Gunnar; Lervåg, Lone-Eirin; Moen, Terje; Engen, Thomas & Lydersen, Stian [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Evaluation of measures of impairment in real and simulated driving: Results from a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 17(3), s. 245–250. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2015.1065975. Vis sammendrag

  Objective: Standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) is often the primary outcome in experimental studies on impaired driving. However, other measures may be easier and more practical to obtain and reflect a broader range of driving-related behaviors. We wanted to assess the validity and sensitivity of a range of measures in a driving simulator as well as during real driving, and compare these to SDLP. Methods: Twenty healthy male volunteers undertook six driving trials each; three in a regular car on a closed track resembling rural road conditions, and three in a simulator with an identical driving scenario. Ethanol was used as impairing substance due to its well-characterized effects on driving. The subjects were tested sober and at blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of approx. 0.5 g/L and 0.9 g/L. We explored dose-response relationships between BAC and a range of driving-related measures, as well as their BAC-dependent effect sizes. Results: In simulator driving, ethanol intake increased steering wheel reversal frequency, steering wheel movement measures, average speed, standard deviation of speed and pedal use frequency. At the test track, only steering wheel movement and standard deviation of speed were significantly correlated to BAC. Likewise, reaction to unexpected incidents and observance of red traffic lights were adversely affected by ethanol in the simulator, but not at the test track. Whereas SDLP showed a relatively large effect size that was similar in simulated and real driving, all other measures demonstrated smaller effect sizes, with less pronounced BAC effects on the test track than in the simulator. Conclusions: The results suggest that the driving-related measures explored in this study are less sensitive to alcohol-mediated driving impairment than SDLP, especially during real (test track) driving. The discrepancy in effect sizes between simulated and real driving may imply low external validity of these measures in simulator studies.

• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs - An update part I: Epidemiological studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 27(2), s. 89–113.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Berg-Hansen, Grim Otto & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Evaluation of the hip-flask defence by determination of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulphate concentrations in blood. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 257, s. 398–402. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.10.017.
• Medhus, Sigrid; Rognli, Eline Borger; Gossop, Michael; Holm, Bjørn; Mørland, Jørg & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2015). Amphetamine-induced psychosis: Transition to schizophrenia and mortality in a small prospective sample. American Journal on Addictions. ISSN 1055-0496. 24(7), s. 586–589. doi: 10.1111/ajad.12274.
• Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Khiabani, Hassan; Hilberg, Thor; Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Slørdal, Lars & Waal, Helge [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). Characteristics of methadone-related fatalities in Norway. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. ISSN 1752-928X. 36, s. 114–120. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.011.
• Gottås, André; Ripel, Åse; Boix, Fernando; Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg & Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere (2015). Determination of dopamine concentrations in brain extracellular fluid using microdialysis with short sampling intervals, analyzed by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmacological and toxicological methods. ISSN 1056-8719. 74, s. 75–79. doi: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.06.002.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Strand, Maren Cecilie & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Driving Under the Influence of Non-Alcohol Drugs – An Update. Part I: Epidemiological Studies. Forensic science review. ISSN 1042-7201. 27(2), s. 89–113. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam? European Addiction Research. ISSN 1022-6877. 21(4), s. 217–221. doi: 10.1159/000377628.
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Can a simple clinical test detect impairment of zopiclone and alcohol? - A randomized controlled trial. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 248, s. 129–133. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.12.028.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Fosen, Jan Toralf; Liane, Veronica Horpestad; Bogstrand, Stig Tore & Mørland, Jørg (2015). Alcohol Hangover as a Cause of Impairment in Apprehended Drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention. ISSN 1538-9588. 16(4), s. 323–328. doi: 10.1080/15389588.2014.938324.
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Boix, Fernando; Koksæter, Paul Martin; Strand, Maren Cecilie; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Drugged driving arrests in Norway before and after the implementation of per se law. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 245, s. 171–177. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.038.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Andås, Hilde Teigen; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Impairment due to amphetamines and benzodiazepines, alone and in combination. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. ISSN 0376-8716. 145, s. 174–179. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.013.
• Karinen, Ritva Anneli; Andresen, Wenche; Smith-Kielland, Anne & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Long-term storage of authentic postmortem forensic blood samples at -20° C: Measured concentrations of benzodiazepines, central stimulants, opioids and certain medicinal drugs before and after storage for 16-18 years. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. ISSN 0146-4760. 38(9), s. 686–695. doi: 10.1093/jat/bku080.
• Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Knudsen, Gun Peggy; Myhre, Ronny; Høiseth, Gudrun; Mørland, Jørg & Næss, Øyvind [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Genetic variants in loci 1p13 and 9p21 and fatal coronary heart disease in a Norwegian case-cohort study. Molecular Biology Reports. ISSN 0301-4851. 41(5), s. 2733–2743. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3096-7.
• Bogen, Inger Lise; Boix, Fernando; Nerem, Elisabeth; Mørland, Jørg & Andersen, Jannike Mørch (2014). A monoclonal antibody specific for 6-monoacetylmorphine reduces acute heroin effects in mice. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. ISSN 0022-3565. 349(3), s. 568–576. doi: 10.1124/jpet.113.212035.
• Eriksen, Guro Søe; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Boix, Fernando & Mørland, Jørg (2014). 3-Methoxynaltrexone is not a selective antagonist for the acute psychomotor stimulating effects of heroin and 6-monoacetylmorphine in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. ISSN 0091-3057. 122, s. 82–88. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.03.018.
• Gottås, André; Boix, Fernando; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Vindenes, Vigdis & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Role of 6-monoacetylmorphine in the acute release of striatal dopamine induced by intravenous heroin. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. ISSN 1461-1457. 17(9), s. 1357–1365. doi: 10.1017/S1461145714000169.
• Thaulow, Cecilie Hasselø; Høiseth, Gudrun; Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Handal, Marte & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Pharmacokinetic interactions between ethanol and heroin: a study on post-mortem cases. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 242, s. 127–134. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.06.032.
• Krabseth, Hege-Merete; Mørland, Jørg & Høiseth, Gudrun (2014). Assistance of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in the interpretation of postmortem ethanol findings. International journal of legal medicine (Print). ISSN 0937-9827. 128(5), s. 765–770. doi: 10.1007/s00414-014-1031-z.
• Andersen, Jannike Mørch; Haugen, Karianne Slåtta; Ripel, Åse & Mørland, Jørg (2014). The interference of ethanol with heroin-stimulated psychomotor activation in mice is not related to changed brain concentrations of the active metabolites 6MAM or morphine. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. ISSN 1742-7835. 114(2), s. 197–201. doi: 10.1111/bcpt.12133.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Sousa, Tanara R; de Boni, Raquel; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Limberger, Renata P & Zancanaro, Ivomar [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). A comparison of alcohol and drug use by random motor vehicle drivers in Brazil and Norway. International journal of drug policy. ISSN 0955-3959. 25(3), s. 393–400. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.01.019.
• Bernard, Jean-Paul Anthony; Havnes, Ingrid Amalia; Slørdal, Lars; Waal, Helge; Mørland, Jørg & Khiabani, Hassan (2013). Methadone-related deaths in Norway. Forensic Science International. ISSN 0379-0738. 224(1-3), s. 111–116. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.11.010.
• Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Jansen, Mona Dverdal; Hoff, Dominic Anthony; Høiseth, Gudrun; Knudsen, Gun Peggy & Magnus, Per [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Divergent associations of drinking frequency and binge consumption of alcohol with mortality within the same cohort. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. ISSN 0143-005X. 67(4), s. 350–357. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201564.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Morini, Luca; Ganss, Rudiger; Nordal, Kristin & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Higher Levels of Hair Ethyl Glucuronide in Patients with Decreased Kidney Function. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. ISSN 0145-6008. 37, s. E14–E16. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01882.x.
• Samarrai, Al; Vevelstad, Merete; Nygaard, Ilah Le; Bachs, Liliana & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Forgiftning med parametoksymetamfetamin. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133(9), s. 966–969. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0417.
• Medhus, Sigrid; Holm, Bjørn ; Mørland, Jørg & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2013). Association between methamphetamine versus amphetamine and acute psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Dual Diagnosis (JDD). ISSN 1550-4263. 9(4), s. 292–300. doi: 10.1080/15504263.2013.835161.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Andersen, Jannike Mørch & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Less glucuronidation of morphine in the presence of ethanol in vivo. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. ISSN 0031-6970. 69(9), s. 1683–1687. doi: 10.1007/s00228-013-1533-5.

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• Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (2020). Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISBN 9781003030799. 700 s.

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• Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2022). On the duration of cannabis effects and the presence of THC in the body. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. s. 1–2. doi: 10.1111/add.16080.
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Ramaekers, Johannes Geradus & Mørland, Jørg Gustav (2020). Methodologies for establishing the relationship between alcohol/drug use and driving impairment: differences between epidemiological, experimental, and real-case studies. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. s. 581–609. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-20.
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg Gustav; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2020). International trends in alcohol and drug use among motor vehicle drivers. I Jones, Alan Wayne; Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Liu, Ray H. (Red.), Alcohol, Drugs, and Impaired Driving: Forensic Science and Law Enforcement Issues. CRC Press. ISSN 9781003030799. s. 509–561. doi: 10.4324/9781003030799-17.
• Mørland, Jørg & Waal, Helge (2019). «Hele Felleskatalogen» i behandling av rusmiddellidelser. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 139(3), s. 1–5. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0678.
• Mørland, Jørg (2018). J. Mørland & J.G. Bramness svarer. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 138(2), s. 112–112. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0014.
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). H. Waal & J. Mørland svarer:. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(12/13), s. 857–857. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0505.
• Waal, Helge & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Stoff, straff og sosial smitte - en uheldig sammenblanding. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(4), s. 262–262. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0024.
• Mørland, Jørg Gustav & Bramness, Jørgen Gustav (2017). Effekter av cannabis varer lenger enn antatt. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 137(20). doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.17.0429.
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2017). Epidemiological studies on risk for crash involvement after cannabis use .
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Risk for involvement in road traffic crash during acute cannabis intoxication. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 111(8), s. 1492–1495. doi: 10.1111/add.13435.
• Hjelmeland, Knut Johan; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg G.; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere; Øiestad, Åse Marit Leere & Mørland, Jørg (2016). COMPARISION OF ZOPICLONE CONCENTRATIONS IN BLOOD AND ORAL FLUID.
• Strand, Maren Cecilie; Innerdal, Cato; Mathisrud, Grete; Mørland, Jørg; Riedel, Bettina & Slørdal, Lars [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Revisjon av faste grenser for rusmidler i trafikken. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(19), s. 1619–1620. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.16.0730.
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Bramness, Jørgen Gustav; Bretteville-Jensen, Anne Line; Mørland, Jørg & Bachs, Liliana Casulleras (2016). Gir sterkere cannabis flere helseproblemer? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 136(20), s. 1736–1738. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.15.1297.
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Mørland, Jørg; Riedel, Bettina; Slørdal, Lars Johan; Aamo, Trond Oskar & Mathisrud, Grete [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Update on the regulation of legislative limits for drugs of abuse in the Norwegian Road Traffic Act.
• Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Mørland, Jørg; Stewart, Kathryn & Gjerde, Hallvard (2016). Alcohol and drugs in general road traffic and crashes - A comparison between low/middle and high income countries.
• Gjerde, Hallvard & Mørland, Jørg (2016). Driving under the influence of non-alcohol drugs.
• Mørland, Jørg (2016). Alcohol and the heart. Journal of Internal Medicine. ISSN 0954-6820. 279(4), s. 362–364. doi: 10.1111/joim.12440.
• Mørland, Jørg (2015). Rettsmedisinsk sakkyndighet - tid for nytenking? Lov og Rett. ISSN 0024-6980. 54(3), s. 191–194.
• Høiseth, Gudrun; Middelkoop, Gerrit; Mørland, Jørg & Gjerde, Hallvard (2015). Has previous abuse of flunitrazepam been replaced by clonazepam?
• Vindenes, Vigdis; Boix, Fernando; Koksæter, Paul Martin; Strand, Maren H.; Bachs, Liliana Casulleras & Mørland, Jørg [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Drugged driving arrests in Norway before and after implementation of a per-se law.
• Bråthen, Geir & Mørland, Jørg (2014). Rusmiddelrelaterte nevrologiske sykdommer, Nevrologi og nevrokirurgi fra barn til voksen, 6.utgave. Forlaget Vett & Viten AS. ISSN 978-82-412-0709-9. s. 649–663.
• Mørland, Jørg (2014). Hvor farlig er hasj? Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Bergh, Anne; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Gjerde, Hallvard; Gustavsen, Ingebjørg Gussgard; Mørland, Jørg & Normann, Per Trygve [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Trafikkulykker som globalt folkehelseproblem. Vegen og vi. 13(1).
• Mørland, Jørg (2013). Kan legen forebygge veitrafikkulykker? Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. ISSN 0029-2001. 133(14).
• Gjerde, Hallvard; Christophersen, Asbjørg S.; Normann, Per Trygve & Mørland, Jørg (2013). Increased population drinking is not always associated with increased number of drink driving convictions. Addiction. ISSN 0965-2140. 108(12), s. 2221–2223. doi: 10.1111/add.12342.
• Gottås, Andre; Mørland, Jørg; Boix, Fernando; Øiestad, Elisabeth Leere & Vindenes, Vigdis (2014). Pharmacokinetics of heroin and heroin metabolites and its relation to the striatal dopaminergic response in a rat model. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 9788282647984.

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