Sara Salehi Hammerstad

• Dahll, Louise J. Koren; Westbye, Alexander Bauer; Vinorum, Kristin; Sejersted, Yngve; Barøy, Tuva & Thorsby, Per Medbøe [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of Untreated Adult Patients With Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Alpha. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 7(8). doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvad089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background: Thyroid hormone resistance due to pathogenic variants in thyroid hormone receptor alpha (THRA) is rare and descriptions of patients are sparse. The disorder is probably underdiagnosed as patients may have normal thyroid function tests. Treatment with thyroxine in childhood improves clinical symptoms. However, it is not clear if treatment has beneficial effects if started in adulthood. Cases: We investigated 4 previously untreated Caucasian adult first-degree-related patients with the THRA c.788C > T, p.(Ala263Val) variant identified by a gene panel for intellectual disability in the index patient. Clinical data and previous investigations were obtained from medical reports. Results: During childhood and adolescence, short stature, short limbs, metacarpals, and phalanges, and delayed bone age maturation were observed. Delayed motor and language development and decreased intellectual and learning abilities were described. Abdominal adiposity, round face, and increased head circumference were common features. All individuals complained of tiredness, constipation, and low mood. While thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) were within the reference range, free triiodothyronine (FT3) was high. FT4/FT3 ratio and reverse T3 were low. Other main features were low hemoglobin and high LDL/HDL ratio. Conclusion: Investigation of 4 first-degree-related adult patients with untreated resistance to thyroid hormone alpha (RTHα) revealed more pronounced phenotype features and hypothyroid symptoms than previously described in patients treated with levothyroxine from childhood or adolescence. The delay in diagnosis is probably due to normal thyroid function tests. We suggest that THRA analysis should be performed in patients with specific clinical features, as treatment in early childhood may improve outcomes.

• Bjerkreim, Betty Ann; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi & Eriksen, Erik Fink (2022). Bone Turnover in Relation to Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Hypothyroid Patients on Thyroid Hormone Substitution Therapy. Journal of Thyroid Research. ISSN 2090-8067. 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/8950546. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjerkreim, Betty Ann; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Eriksen, Erik Fink (2022). Thyroid Signaling Biomarkers in Female Symptomatic Hypothyroid Patients on Liothyronine versus Levothyroxine Monotherapy: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Journal of Thyroid Research. ISSN 2090-8067. 2022. doi: 10.1155/2022/6423023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Weider, Therese; Genoni, Angelo; Broccolo, Francesco; Paulsen, Trond Harder; Dahl-Jørgensen, Knut & Toniolo, Antonio [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). High prevalence of common human viruses in thyroid tissue. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 13, s. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938633. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Introduction: Evidence points to viral infections as possible triggers of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), but little is known about the prevalence of common viruses in the thyroid gland. Using a novel approach based on virus enrichment in multiple cell lines followed by detection of the viral genome and visualization of viral proteins, we investigated the presence of multiple human viruses in thyroid tissue from AITD patients and controls. Methods: Thyroid tissue was collected by core needle biopsy or during thyroid surgery from 35 patients with AITD (20 Graves’ disease and 15 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Eighteen thyroid tissue specimens from patients undergoing neck surgery for reasons other than thyroid autoimmunity served as controls. Specimens were tested for the presence of ten different viruses. Enteroviruses and human herpesvirus 6 were enriched in cell culture before detection by PCR and immunofluorescence, while the remaining viruses were detected by PCR of biopsied tissue. Results: Forty of 53 cases (75%) carried an infectious virus. Notably, 43% of all cases had a single virus, whereas 32% were coinfected by two or more virus types. An enterovirus was found in 27/53 cases (51%), human herpesvirus 6 in 16/53 cases (30%) and parvovirus B19 in 12/53 cases (22%). Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were found in a few cases only. Of five gastroenteric virus groups examined, only one was detected in a single specimen. Virus distribution was not statistically different between AITD cases and controls. Conclusion: Common human viruses are highly prevalent in the thyroid gland. This is the first study in which multiple viral agents have been explored in thyroid. It remains to be established whether the detected viruses represent causal agents, possible cofactors or simple bystanders.

• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Celius, Elisabeth Gulowsen; Husby, Henrik; Sørensen, Ingvild M. & Norheim, Ingrid (2021). Management of Severe Graves' Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy Following Immune Reconstitution Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 5(6). doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab044. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjerkreim, Betty Ann; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Gulseth, Hanne Løvdal; Berg, Tore Julsrud; Lee-Ødegård, Sindre & Rangberg, Anbjørg [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Effect of Liothyronine Treatment on Quality of Life in Female Hypothyroid Patients With Residual Symptoms on Levothyroxine Therapy: A Randomized Crossover Study. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 13, s. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.816566. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sletner, Line; Jenum, Anne Karen; Qvigstad, Elisabeth & Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2021). Thyroid Function during Pregnancy in A Multiethnic Population in Norway. Journal of the Endocrine Society (JES). ISSN 2472-1972. 5(7), s. 1–12. doi: 10.1210/jendso/bvab078. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Poma, Anello Marcello; Hammerstad, Sarah Salehi; Genoni, Angelo; Basolo, Alessio; Dahl-Jorgensen, Knut & Toniolo, Antonio (2021). Immune transcriptome of cells infected with enterovirus strains obtained from cases of autoimmune thyroid disease. Microorganisms. ISSN 2076-2607. 9(4), s. 1–16. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9040876.
• Weider, Therese; Richardson, Sarah J.; Morgan, Noel G.; Paulsen, Trond Harder; Dahl-Jørgensen, Knut & Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2021). HLA Class I Upregulation and Antiviral Immune Responses in Graves Disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 106(4), s. 1763–1774. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa958. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Blackard, Jason; Lombardi, Angela; Owen, Randall P.; Concepcion, Erlinda & Yi, Zhengzi [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Hepatitis C virus infection of human thyrocytes: Metabolic, hormonal, and immunological implications. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 105(4), s. 1157–1168. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz241.
• Weider, Therese; Richardson, Sarah; Morgan, Noel; Paulsen, Trond; Dahl-Jørgensen, Knut & Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2020). Upregulation of HLA Class i and Antiviral Tissue Responses in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Thyroid. ISSN 1050-7256. 30(3), s. 432–442. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0607. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bøhmer, Thomas; Bachtyari, Zivar; Sommer, Christine & Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2020). Auto regulatory capacity of the thyroid gland after numerous iodinated contrast media investigations. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. ISSN 0036-5513. 80(3), s. 191–195. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1709658.
• Lombardi, Angela; Tsomos, Effie; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi & Tomer, Yaron (2018). Interferon alpha: The key trigger of type 1 diabetes. Journal of Autoimmunity. ISSN 0896-8411. s. 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.003.
• Lambertini, Luca; Saul, Shira Rebecca; Copperman, Alan B; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Yi, Zhengzi & Zhang, Weijia [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Intrauterine reprogramming of the polycystic ovary syndrome: Evidence from a pilot study of cord blood global methylation analysis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 8, s. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00352.
• Blackard, Jason; Kong, Ling; Lombardi, Angela; Homann, Dirk; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi & Tomer, Yaron (2017). A preliminary analysis of hepatitis C virus in pancreatic islet cells. Virology Journal. ISSN 1743-422X. 14(237). doi: 10.1186/s12985-017-0905-3.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Stefan, Mihaela; Blackard, Jason; Owen, Randall P.; Lee, Hanna J. & Concepcion, Erlinda [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Hepatitis C Virus E2 protein induces upregulation of IL-8 pathways and production of heat shock proteins in human thyroid cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 102(2), s. 689–697. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-3403.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Grock, Shira Frankel; Lee, Hanna J.; Hasham, Alia; Sundaram, Nina & Tomer, Yaron (2015). Diabetes and hepatitis C: A two-way association. Frontiers in Endocrinology. ISSN 1664-2392. 6:134. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00134.
• Lee, Hanna J.; Li, Cheuk Wun; Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Stefan, Mihaela & Tomer, Yaron (2015). Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: A comprehensive review. Journal of Autoimmunity. ISSN 0896-8411. 64, s. 82–90. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.009.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi (2014). Genetic analysis in young-age-of-onset Graves' disease reveals new susceptibility loci. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (JCEM). ISSN 0021-972X. 99(7), s. 1387–1391. doi: 10.1210/jc.2013-4358.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Jahnsen, Frode Lars; Tauriainen, Sisko; Hyöty, Heikki; Paulsen, Trond Harder & Nordheim, Ingrid [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Immunological changes and increased expression of myxovirus resistance protein A in thyroid tissue of patients with recent onset and untreated graves' disease. Thyroid. ISSN 1050-7256. 24(3), s. 537–544. doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0287.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Tauriainen, S; Hyöty, Heikki; Paulsen, Trond Harder; Nordheim, Ingrid & Dahl-Jørgensen, Knut (2013). Detection of enterovirus in the thyroid tissue of patients with graves' disease. Journal of Medical Virology. ISSN 0146-6615. 85(3), s. 512–518. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23476.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Jahnsen, Frode Lars; Tauriainen, Sisko; Hyöty, Heikki; Paulsen, Trond & Nordheim, Ingrid [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Inflammation and Increased Myxovirus Resistance Protein A Expression in Thyroid Tissue in the Early Stages of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Thyroid. ISSN 1050-7256. 23(3), s. 334–341. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0264.
• Hammerstad, Sara Salehi; Nordheim, Ingrid; Paulsen, Trond; Amlie, Lise-Marit & Eriksen, Erik Fink (2013). Excessive Decrease in Serum Magnesium After Total Thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease Is Related to Development of Permanent Hypocalcemia. World Journal of Surgery. ISSN 0364-2313. 37(2), s. 369–375. doi: 10.1007/s00268-012-1843-2.

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